Applications And Types Of Smart Materials Engineering Essay

Applications And Types Of Smart Materials Engineering Essay Smart material are those that change in response to changing conditions in their surrounding or in the application of other directed influences such as passing an electric charge through them. Modern products increasingly use them, shirts that change color with changes in temperature. Smart materials are the materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled style such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields. There are many types of smart material some of which are already common. Some examples are as following: Types of smart material Some types of smart materials include: Piezoelectric On applying a mechanical stress to these materials it generates an electric current. Piezoelectric microphones transform changes in pressure caused by sound waves into an electrical signal. Shape memory After deformation of these materials they remember their original shape and return back to its original shape when heated .Applications include shape memory stents tubes threaded into arteries that expand on heating to body temperature to allow increased blood flow. Thermo chromic These are the materials which change their color in response to changes in temperature. They have been used in bathplugs that change color when the water is too hot. Photo chromic These materials change color in response to changes in light conditions. Uses include security ink sand dolls that tan in the sun. Magneto rheological: it is a fluid that fluids become solid when placed in a magnetic field. They can be used to construct dampers that suppress vibrations. These can be used for buildings and bridges to suppress the damaging effects of, For example, high winds or earthquakes. 1.1 pH-sensitive polymers These are materials which swell/collapse when the pH of the surrounding media changes. PH sensitive or pH responsive polymers are materials which will respond to the changes in the pH of the surrounding medium by varying their dimensions. Such materials swell or collapse depending on the pH of their environment. This behavior is exhibited due to the presence of certain functional groups in the polymer chain. 1.2 Magnetostrictive materials exhibit change in shape under the influence of magnetic field and also exhibit change in their magnetization under the influence of mechanical stress Fig 1.1 Magnetostrictive material (inside) then magnetizing coil over it and magnetic enclosure completing the magnetic circuit (outside) It can convert magnetic energy into kinetic energy that is used to build sensors. 1.3 Temperature-responsive polymers These are materials which changes upon temperature. A temperature-responsive polymer is a polymer which undergoes a physical change when external thermal is applied. The ability to undergo such changes makes this class of polymers the category of smart materials. 1.4 Self-healing materials These materials have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the materials lifetime .These are the class of smart materials that have the structurally incorporated ability to repair damage caused by mechanical usage over time. The inspiration comes from biological systems, which have the ability to heal after being wounded. Initiation of cracks and other types of damage on a microscopic level has been shown to change thermal, electrical, and acoustical properties, and eventually lead to whole scale failure of the material. Usually, cracks are mended by hand, which is difficult because cracks are often hard to detect. A material (polymers, ceramics, etc) that can intrinsically correct damage caused by normal usage could lower production costs of a number of different industrial processes through longer part lifetime, reduction of inefficiency over time caused by degradation, as well as prevent costs incurred by material failure Chapter 2 Applications of Smart Materials There are many possibilities for such materials and structures in the manmade world. Engineering structures could operate at the very limit of their performance envelopes and to their structural limits without fear of exceeding either. These structures could also give maintenance engineers a full report on performance history, as well as the location of defects, whilst having the ability to counteract unwanted or potentially dangerous conditions such as excessive vibration, and affect self repair. The Office of Science and Technology Foresight Programme has stated that `Smart materials will have an increasing range of applications (and) the underlying sciences in this area must be maintained at a standard which helps achieve technological objectives, which means that smart materials and structures must solve engineering problems with hitherto unachievable efficiency, and provide an opportunity for new wealth creating products. 2.1 Smart Materials in Aerospace Some materials and structures can be termed sensual devices. These are structures that can sense their environment and generate data for use in health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS). To date the most well established application of HUMS are in the field of aerospace, in areas such as aircraft checking. An airline such as British Airways requires over 1000 employees to service their 747s with extensive routine, ramp, intermediate and major checks to monitor the health and usage of the fleet. Routine checks involve literally dozens of tasks carried out under approximately 12 pages of densely typed check headings. Ramp checks increase in thoroughness every 10 days to 1 month, hanger checks occur every 3 months, interchecks every 15 months, and major checks every 24000 flying hours. In addition to the manpower resources, hanger checks require the aircraft to be out of service for 24 hours, interchecks require 10 days and major checks 5 weeks. The overheads of such safety monitoring are enormous. An aircraft constructed from a sensual structure could self-monitor its performance to a level beyond that of current data recording, and provide ground crews with enhanced health and usage monitoring. This would minimize the overheads associated with HUMS and allow such aircraft to fly for more hours before human intervention is required. 2.2 Smart Materials in Civil Engineering Applications However, sensual structures need not be restricted to hi-tech applications such as aircraft. They could be used in the monitoring of civil engineering structures to assess durability. Monitoring of the current and long term behavior of a bridge would lead to enhanced safety during its life since it would provide early warning of structural problems at a stage where minor repairs would enhance durability, and when used in conjunction with structural rehabilitation could be used to safety monitor the structure beyond its original design life. This would influence the life costs of such structures by reducing upfront construction costs (since smart structures would allow reduced safety factors in initial design), and by extending the safe life of the structure. Sensual materials and structures also have a wide range of potential domestic applications, as in food 2.3 Its properties which enable them for civil engineering application are    Repeated absorption of large amounts of strain energy under loading without permanent deformation. Possibility to obtain a wide range of cyclic behavior -from supplemental and fully reentering to highly dissipating-by simply varying the number and/or the characteristics of SMA components. Usable strain range of 70% Extraordinary fatigue resistance under large strain cycles Their great durability and reliability in the long run. 2.4 STRUCTURAL APPLICATION OF SMART MATERIALS The development of durable and cost effective high performance construction materials and systems is important for the economic well being of a country mainly because the cost of civil infrastructure constitutes a major portion of the national wealth. To address the problems of deteriorating civil infrastructure, research is very essential on smart materials. This paper highlights the use of smart materials for the optimal performance and safe design of buildings and other infrastructures particularly those under the threat of earthquake and other natural hazards. The peculiar properties of the shape memory alloys for smart structures render a promising area of research in this field. Fig 2.1 to achieve speed improvements on existing bridges and to maintain the track in a straight and non-deformed configuration as the train passes With the help of optimal control methodology the train will pass the bridge with reduced track deflections and vibrations and thus velocity could be safely increased. Fig2.1 shows various positions of the train with and without active railway track support. Chapter3 3.1 Reducing waste Producers are forced to consider the entire life of a product at the design stage and customers are increasingly demanding more environmentally sensitive products. Innovative use of smart materials has the potential to reduce waste and to simplify recycling. Electronic waste Electronic waste is the fastest growing component of domestic waste in the UK. Electrical equipment requires that it should be processed before disposal to remove hazardous and recyclable materials. Disassembly of product is expensive and time consuming but the use of smart materials could help to automate the process. Research in this active disassembly has been carried out by UK companies. Active Disassembly Research Ltd. One example uses fasteners constructed from shape memory materials that can self release on heating. Once the fasteners have been released, components can be separated simply by shaking the product. By using fasteners that react to different temperatures, products could be disassembled. 3.2 Research in the UK Smart materials and systems are interdisciplinary subject areas so funding does not come from a single research council. However, the majority of research council funding is allocated by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). Materials research is one of its six core programmers and it currently has a commitment of  £21m to smart materials research in 28 UK universities. This includes the EPSRCs contribution to smart materials projects run in collaboration with 35different organizations including the Ministry of Defense British Aerospace In addition to research councils, the government also allocates funding through the Technology Strategy Board. This is an executive non-departmental public body established by the Government to stimulate innovation in those areas which offer the greatest scope for boosting UK growth and productivity. Advanced materials are one of the Technology Strategy Boards key technology areas, which provide the framework for deciding w here it should invest funding and support activities. In 2007, as part of its support for collaborative research and development, the Technology Strategy Board allocated funding of  £7m to a competition for research proposals in Smart Bioactive and Nano structured Materials for Health The Ministry of Defense identifies smart materials and active structures as a priority technology. However, its investment in these areas has decreased markedly in recent years as developments are increasingly driven by global civil markets and commodity products that are often adequate for itsneeds.2 It currently emphasizes monitoring external research rather than producing it in-house. 3.3 Research worldwide The US is the world leader in smart materials research mainly because of the large defence research and development budget. The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has had an in-house programme of smart materials and structures research since the early 1990s, in contrast to the UK. However the UK is strong in many areas and is at the forefront of research into structures that can repair themselves. Other observations so that materials can be sorted automatically. The companies have collaborated with Nokia and believe that this technology could be in use in the next two years. 3.4 Reducing food waste Food makes up approximately one fifth of the UKs waste. One third of food grown for consumption in the UK is thrown away, much of which is food that has reached its best before date without being eaten .These dates are conservative estimates and actual product life may be longer. Manufacturers are now looking for ways to extend product life with packaging, often using smart materials. CHAPTER 4 FUTURE 4.1 In Nanotechnology to Revolutionize Smart Materials Technology The nanotechnology is set to accelerate development of improved and complicated smart material technologies. Researchers are now considering the possibilities of designing, altering, and controlling material structure at nanoscale levels in order to enhance material performance and process efficiency. The advancements in nanomaterials are expected to increase product quality and performance, and they are finding acceptance in diverse applications such as sensors and electronic devices. Nanosensor particles assist in creating tools for analyzing living cells and serve as reporters in industrial process monitoring. In the future, smart materials are likely to derive their success from nanotechnology that is likely to be instrumental in creating more varied, complex, and intelligent systems. 4.2 Smart Materials Expected to Cater to Diverse Applications The advances and improvements in smart materials allow them to cater to a diverse set of applications, especially in the defense, aerospace, healthcare, electronics, and semiconductor industries. Although very few of these applications are at present commercially viable, their potential for future acceptance is irrefutable. Smart materials are particularly useful for cellular production, observes the analyst. With the addition of cellular fluid and by regulating the cells shape and mechanical conditions, smart materials especially polymers can mimic these cells interactions and exhibit effective results. The computer industry is also adopting smart materials for read/write head micropositioners and next-generation data storage devices. Researchers are developing piezo-accelerometers that anticipate and correct head-motion-related read/write errors. In the healthcare markets, smart material technologies are making their way into several analytical devices for detecting and diagnosing complex medical conditions. With future advances, smart materials are also likely to be useful for fabricating insulin pumps and drug delivery devices.

A Cultural Comparison of English and Chinese Family Names

Abstract The family names of humans are formed and used in the long process of the course of history and the development of society. Family names, being a part of culture, are closely related to history and culture. English and Chinese names are different in their origins and name orders, which is certain to be reflected in their perspective culture.Therefore an exploration of their reflections in the cultural aspects of historical development, feudal history, historical tradition, historical influence and current social situation will be beneficial for the deepening of English study and the mutual understanding and communication of the East and the West. Keywords: Cultural comparison, English family names, Chinese family names, Origin, Name order The word â€Å"culture† comes from the Latin root â€Å"colere† (to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor).In general, it refers to human activity; different definitions of culture reflect different theories for understanding, or criteria for valuing, human activity. Culture is traditionally the oldest human character, its significant traces separating Homo from australopithecines, and Man from the Animals, though new discoveries are blurring these edges in our day. Sir Edward B. Tylor wrote in 1871 that â€Å"culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of ociety† while a 2002 document from the United Nations agency UNESCO states that culture is the â€Å"set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs†. [UNESCO, 2002].It is generally accepted that language is part of culture. It carries culture, thus be influenced by culture. Names includin g family names, which is a part of language, are sure to reflect the distinct culture of the people using it.This paper intends to start from the English and Chinese family names from the perspectives of the origin and order so as to reveal their reflections on their own culture. A family name (in Western contexts often referred to as a last name or surname) is part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs. A family name is the most fundamental and most significant symbols showing the identification of the members of a society. The use of family names is widespread in cultures around the world, which means family names are part of culture.As far as English and Chinese names are concerned, their cultural differences can be shown in the origins of their family names and the different orders of their names so as to make us learn about the development history of a society or a nation and some other aspects of its culture, which is the purpose of this paper in tending to make an analysis between English and Chinese family names from their cultures reflected. 1. Cultural reflections of the origins of family names If we trace back into the origins of Chinese family names, we can see that Chinese family names are closely related to the development history of the Chinese nation.According to legend, family names started with Emperor Fu Xi in 2852 BC. His administration standardized the naming system in order to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. For scientific documentation that matrilineal surnames existed in China before the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) and that â€Å"by the time of the Shang Dynasty they (Chinese surnames) had become patrilinea. † Therefore, what we can learn first is that the ancestors of the Chinese nation came from primitive society.When the Chinese nation went into class society, the emperors had the supreme powers in their hands in awarding lands and fields to those ministers who perfor med meritorious service to their reigns, establishing official positions. Their supreme power was best exemplified in granting a surname to a person when he was alive or after his death. In addition, in feudal societies, the emperors’ names was a taboo on every occasions. The origins of family names also showed that Chinese nation actually is combination of multiple nationalities, which is the same case for the British and American people.As for English family names, 226 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2010 they have a relatively short history. Documents indicate that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and only slowly spread to the other parts of society. In Britain, hereditary surnames were adopted in the 13th and 14th centuries, initially by the aristocracy but eventually by everyone. By 1400, most English and Scottish people had acquired surnames, but many Scottish and Welsh people did not adopt surnames until the 17th century, or even later.Henry VIII (1491–1547) ordered that marital births be recorded under the surname of the father. The whole process lasted for 500 years. However, English family names differ from Chinese family names in their civilians consciousness, which can be shown in the casual choice of their family names for even a nickname, childhood name like Fox, Stout, Armstrong, Longfellow can be a person's family name. The origins of English family names can show their love for nature, respect for and sentimental attachment to everything in it. English family names like Bird, Lion, Swan, Wood, Wolf, Bush, Flower, Rose and Apple are such examples.Their family names also indicated that English people are characterised by the pursuit for novelty and oddness without an exception of their family names. According to a survey made in 1974, there were as many as 1,280,000 family names in America, among which more than 1/3 were those that had never been used before, which was obviously a result of Americans' unconventional and original personality. 2. Cultural reflections of the order of family names 2. 1 Reflection of perspective feudal history The nations with a name order of family names preceding given names usually have a long feudal history.The Han nationality have a feudal history of more than 2,500 years, which started from the Western Zhou (1066 – 771 BC)or Eastern Zhou (770 – 256 BC) Chinese society to the Opium War in1839. However, the feudal history of those nations with a name order whose given names precede family names is relatively short. Great Britain is a case in point. It only had a short feudal history of several hundred years. From the 9th century to the 11th century, Britain was still on its way to feudalization and there exited a large number of free farmers.It was only after the Norman Conquest of 1066, the feudal system was widely established in Britain. However, only several hu ndred years later, in the 14th century, its feudal system was disintegrated. When it came to the 16th century, the capitalism was widely developed, which directly led to the British Bourgeois Revolution in the 17th century. To sum up, the feudal history of Britain is very short with no more than 500 years, but its capitalism was developed quite early. 2. 2 Reflection of perspective historical traditionThe nations with a name order of family names preceding given names usually have a long feudal history, in which there wasn’t any democratic tradition and everything was determined by the will of the supreme emperors. Therefore, in those nations, given names which represent a person himself can only be put behind family names which stand for home ownership. In China, from the very beginning of family names, they were put before given names and the tradition lasted for more than 2,500 years. In these nations, although the choice of a person’s given names has always been ch anging with the era, the order of names has always been stable.On the contrary, the British and American people had their democratic tradition even in the feudal reign, which made these nations strengthened more on individual roles. Therefore, their given name which stands for the individual himself was always put before their family name which is a representation of their family. 2. 3 Reflection of their historical influence Chinese name order has a direct influence on that of its neighbouring countries like Korea, Vietnam and Japan because of its 5,000 year history of civilization. China's naming system came into being as early as the reign of Emperor Fu Xi.Its neighbouring countries like Korea, Vietnam and Japan either had long been its dependent country or using Chinese characters as their own language. They were greatly influenced by its culture. Similarly, these countries all had a long feudal history, had no democratic tradition, bordered China, used Chinese characters. There fore it was no wonder that they were sure to be influenced Chinese cultures including naming system. However, the English name order was influenced by Roman Republic in its early time. Rome became a republic in about B. C. 510.From then on, the civilians had constant fights against nobility for their rights, which was the origin of their democratic tradition. Because at that time, ancient Rome was the number one civilized country in Europe and in the course of its development it constantly expanded its territories and formed its hegemony in the Mediterranean in the 2nd century B. C. , therefore, its democratic tradition had a great influence on the formation of the national psychology of the whole Europe. Ancient Romans' name was spelled in Latin, and freeman’s name was formed by given name plus tribe or clan name, which was actually their family name.Take the famous Great Emperor Caesar of ancient Rome for example, his name was formed by three parts, that is Caius, Julius Pu blished by Canadian Center of Science and Education 227 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2010 and Caesar. With the development of history, the middle name which was one's clan name disappeared with the diminishing power of clan. The Roman name order which strengthened individual role was widely accepted in the Miderterranean with its expansion in this area.The Latin language which was spoken by ancient Romans first replaced other languages in this area but then split into Italian, French, Portugese and Spanish with the fall of the Roman Empire. Because these languages all have Latin origin, it's natural that the name order of the Latin language permeated into their languages. 3. Reflection of current social situation Family names are not only used for addressing people, they also reflect social realities at that time. In China’s ancient Zhou Dynasty, having or not having a family name showed the contradictory relation between the ruling clas s and the working class.Before the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Chinese women followed their husband’s family name by abandoning their original family name, which showed the feudal prejudice against and bondage upon them. After the establishment of the P. R. C. , the social status of Chinese women has been greatly improved and been considered â€Å"half sky†, they can keep their own family name when they get married. However, in England and cultures derived from there, there has long been a tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her birth name to her husband's last name.From the first known US instance of a woman keeping her birth name, Lucy Stone in 1855, there has been a general increase in the rate of women keeping their original name. This has gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2004, roughly 90% of American women automatically assumed t heir husband's surname upon getting married. Even in families where the wife has kept her birth name, parents traditionally choose to give their children their father's family name.Although in America, there was a great change for married women traditionally known as Mrs [Husband's full name] into a modern Mrs [Husband's last name], the incompleteness of women's liberation can still be shown from this. To sum up, family names are not only a sign for a person but reflect culture from different aspects. And a comparison of English and Chinese family names can make us learn about the cultural differences shown from the origins and name orders, which is good for the deepening of the study of English as well as helps to promote the mutual understanding and communication of the East and the West.

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In this article, Radka Minarechovà ¡ addresses the growing challenges associated with the fastest aging population in one of the European Union countries, known as Slovakia. As the elderly population increased, the productive working age deceased, which caused the country to suffer greatly based on their involvement in employment, society, independent living and aging prevention

Finding The Peripheries Sovereignty And Colonialism

In â€Å"Finding the Peripheries: Sovereignty and Colonialism in Nineteenth-Century International Law,† Antony Anghie discusses the concept of sovereignty and membership. He uses the term â€Å"family nations† to illustrate the relations of states. Anghie seeks to find the answer to how â€Å"new† Europe deal with the task of â€Å"how order is created among sovereign state.† To which he asserts that â€Å"special doctrine† of shared norms and values have been devised for purpose of determining states’ sovereignty. Hence, states have resorted to the development of an international law to help them govern and set out the criteria that are required in order to be acknowledged as a sovereign state. Anghie subsequently put forth that this â€Å"international law applied only to the sovereign states that composed the civilized â€Å"Family Nations.† This definition excluded third world countries who were deemed as being â€Å"non-civi lized states† such as â€Å"non-European states.† This definition is problematic as it a very biased perception. The term sovereign state is arguably a social construct made by European as it is mainly of a Western European origin. Anghie acknowledges that states could be formally considered â€Å"sovereign† only if â€Å"they satisfied the criteria [for] membership in the civilized international society, they lacked the comprehensive range of power enjoyed by the European sovereigns.† This ultimately illustrates how the development of international law has dominated by European as western normsShow MoreRelatedColonial Rule Of Independence And Independence10047 Words   |  41 Pagesimportant role in governing a state and adjudicating disputes, the decision to retain an extraterritorial appellate institution such as the JCPC seems counterintuitive and an affront to state sovereignty. Elden (2006) states three fundamental canons anchoring this assertion- â€Å"the notion of equal sovereignty of states, internal competence for domestic jurisdiction and territorial integrity† (p. 11). 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Symbolism of Blindness Free Essays

Symbol of Blindness in King Lear Blindness is usually defined as the physical ability of the eye to see. But in King Lear by William Shakespeare, blindness is not just a physical quality but also a mental flaw that people possess. This mental flaw can then lead to people making bad decisions because they can’t see the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism of Blindness or any similar topic only for you Order Now In King Lear, the recurring images of sight and blindness that are associated with the characters of Lear and Gloucester illustrate the theme of self-knowledge and consciousness that exists within the play and these characters. Gloucester’s characters plot parallels that of King Lear’s. Throughout the play, we explore what is meant by eyesight or the lack of it. King Lear is the first and the main character that faces problems by this idea of blindness. In act one, Lear asks his three daughters to express their love for him in order to get the share of the land and dowry. Goneril and Regan come up with an elaborate speech that uses with wit and deceit. She starts off by saying â€Å"Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter; dearer than eyesight, space, and liberty; beyond what can be valued, rich or rare; no less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honour; as much as child e’er loved, or father found; a love that makes breath poor, and speech unable; beyond all manner of so much I love you† (Foakes 1. 1. 55-61). The metaphorical language and beauty of Goneril and Regan’s speeches blind Lear. Cordelia truly loves him a lot but he doesn’t see it in her response when she says â€Å"Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave; my heart into my mouth: I love your majesty; According to my bond; nor more nor less† (Foakes 1. 1. 93-95). But on the other hand, Cordelia’s speech makes him feel less powerful. Her language is legalistic and delimiting. It suggests that it is a contractual relationship (Kronenfeld 96). By using the word bond, she makes it more formal but she’s talking to her father so she should be able to express her feelings in a less formal way. She declares her love to be of no surpassing quality. She is not like her sisters because it is not in her nature to solicit her father with outward showings of love but instead will show it through her actions (Kronenfeld 106). He misunderstands her love and is unable to see the love she actually has for him because of the way all three of the daughters respond. The two older sisters flatter their father instead of speaking the truth so they can get what they want and this leads to Cordelia being disowned. The cause of his blindness appears to be an infatuation with his own rank and station, which is a result of senility. Lear’s kingdom is used as a symbol of affection towards his three daughters. In the first act, it is implied that Cordelia is his favorite daughter. He feels that dividing up the land by the level of love they show to him is the right thing to do. He does not see that Goneril and Regan will use this as a chance to become his favorites. They will say whatever they need to for their own benefit because they are greedy. Driven by his own blindness, King Lear begins to make many mistakes not just with his daughters but also with his loyal supporter Kent. His blindness doesn’t allow him to see the truth in a person’s personality and character. When Kent hears about Cordelia getting disowned, he is shocked by the decision that King Lear. He tries helping King Lear understand the truth about his daughters but ends up getting banished himself. King Lear wants Kent â€Å"out of my sight† (Shakespeare 1. 1. 159). Kent responds by saying â€Å"See better, Lear; and let me still remain; The true blank of thine eye† (Foaks 1. 1. 60-161). Kent is trying to make him reconsider his decision but Lear’s anger gets the better of him and he banishes him from the Kingdom. The blank can refer to the center of a target but also the absence of something which captures the ambiguity and vulnerability of our seeing. Kent was King Lear’s eyes and ears and literally helped him see t hings clearly. Without Kent, he is even blinder to the reality than before. Kent disguises himself and manages to get rehired by King Lear which further shows his blindness. He knew Kent very well and yet couldn’t figure out that he was the same person. His vision and insight on other people never really improves and this leads to his downfall and eventually his death. Shakespeare uses a lot of offstage episodes which also shows the blindness to the audience. This indirect mode of presenting highly significant events generates doubt and confusion because the audience can’t see what is happening but is known only by reports of those who claim to have observed them. But it is hard to rely on here say because of characters like King Lear who are oblivious and blind from the truth. Due to King Lear’s lack on insight, it causes him to make bad judgements and leads him to endure great emotional pain and suffering as a result. It is through his and Gloucester’s characters that Shakespeare has allowed the audience to see what great emotional torment can plague a person because of disloyalty especially when it is that person’s fault due to a lapse in judgement. Shakespeare uses the plot of Gloucester to explicate Lear’s plot by contextualizing Lear’s blindness with Gloucester’s physical loss of vision. His character is very similar to Lear’s because they both couldn’t tell which of their children truly loved and cared for them. Edmund blindsides his father into believing that Edgar was plotting to kill him so this would allow him to gain power. Gloucester was easily convinced that the letter was real and never considers thinking if his son could actually do such a terrible thing. Both Lear and Gloucester are very quick to believe their children that use their language in a smart way to deceive their fathers. Gloucester also ends up disowning Edgar even though Edgar is the son who truly loves him. He doesn’t feel that he is making any wrong decisions and feels that â€Å"Come, if it be nothing, I shall not need spectacles† (Foakes 1. 2. 363-364). The word need means requiring something that’s important so in this case, being able to see the truth is a necessity but Gloucester feels that he doesn’t need that. It denies him the ability to distinguish between his good and evil sons. Gloucester ends up getting his eyes gouged out which is like a wake-up call for him. Edgar feels that â€Å"The Gods are just and of our pleasant vices; Make instruments to plague us; The dark and vicious place where thee he got Cost him his eyes† (Foakes 5. 3. 170-173). Not only does Edgar deceive his father but believes that his father got what he deserved. The blinding of a man is a symbol for the destruction of one’s manhood like getting castrated (Halio 222). Gloucester is an adulterer and is somewhat proud of this fact. Edgar goes on to say â€Å"Met I my father with his bleeding rings, Their precious stones new lost; become his guide, Led him, begg’d for him, sav’d him from despair† (Foakes 5. . 188-191). Edgar uses the word stone to refer to Gloucester’s lost eyes because it is a slang term for testicles which implies that the blinding was like Gloucester getting castrated (Halio 223). Once Gloucester became physically blind was when he actually started seeing clearly. It is very ironic when Gloucester says: â€Å"I have no way and therefor want no eyes; I stumbled when I saw. Full oft ‘tis seen Our means secure us, and our mere defects Prove our commodities. Ah dear son Edgar, The food of thy abused father’s wrath! Might I but live to see thee in my touch, I’ld say I had eyes again! † (Foakes 4. 1. 18-24) His inability to see the realities of his sons when he was mentally blind but managed to see his son’s true colors when he was physically blind because his eyes were gouged out. He eventually learns that vision is not just through your eyes but rather through your heart and mind. Gloucester’s subplot paralleled that of King Lear’s. Cordelia’s silence throughout the play usually signals acquiescence as she never stood up against her father or her older sisters. In Shakespearean tragedies, it generally conveys feelings of fear, despair, and confusion but Cordelia’s silence is evidence of her strength and constancy. Cordelia’s silence in the first few acts can be compared to her unwillingness to communicate in the later scenes. Lear is very similar to Cordelia in the sense that they both are very inarticulate when expressing emotions. After everything that her father has done to her, Cordelia is still devoted to helping her father and brings an army to help him. She doesn’t need to try to convince her father with words but instead her actions show it all. They are able to reconcile their relationship because of the love that she has for her father unlike her sisters who are willing to do anything to get power. Even though he has wronged her, she sees that he has recognized the errors of his ways. Cordelia is the only loyal daughter King Lear has. Even though she is silent and doesn’t have great communication skills, you can still feel the love she has for her father from the few things that she says. Throughout the play, Shakespeare uses King Lear and Gloucester to demonstrate how metaphorical blindness can cause a person to make erroneous decisions. King Lear’s lack of sight led him to banish Cordelia and Kent, the two people that supported him the most. Similarly, Gloucester is affected by this metaphorical blindness as well and leads to detrimental decisions for him and his family. Ironically, when Gloucester gets literally blind, he starts to think clearly but it is too late at this point to improve things. Only after they lose everything, they recognize that their blindness to honesty has cost them everything. Cordelia chooses to stay silent which she thinks is beneficial but in turn ends up getting her and her father killed. How to cite Symbolism of Blindness, Papers

Community Service in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Community Service. Answer: Community service can be defined as a type of work done by an individual or a team of individuals for the well-being of other people. Community service can offer help and assistance to any person or group including the physically or mentally handicapped people, adolescents and retired people (Jenson Fraser, 2011). In addition to this, community service organizations also help the distressed animals and birds. In some cases, community service organizations also perform civic duties, such as renovating buildings of historic importance or cleaning up local recreation grounds and others. Though, the concept of Community service organizations originated in the west, at present, it can be found in most of the countries in the world (Vinson, 2009). This essay outlines the fact to elaborate on the conception of the community service organizations in Australia and the various factors related to the ethos, professional values, social justice, social barriers and theoretical approaches of the community service organizations in Australia. The community service sector in Australia does not have a proper historical set up like the French or the Canadian community service sector. This is because it had originated at the time of the beginning of the social revolutionary movements in the late nineteenth century. Later, community service sector in Australia evolved around the social rehabilitation of the people belonging to the Aboriginal community in Australia (Purdie, Dudgeon Walker, 2010). Community service sector in Australia encompasses a broad group of organizations. The types of community service organizations in Australia are: Community service organizations, that serves the people, residing in the local community. Examples are sporting organizations, cooperatives society and others. Community service organizations, which are funded financially, to carry out certain activities. Examples are the domestic violence organizations, childcare organizations and the drug rehabilitation organizations. Community service organizations that perform communal activities such as religious groups, labor unions and environmental watch groups. In Australia, there are both non-governmental community service organizations as well as governmental community service organizations. The governmental community service organizations are the community service organizations, which have been established by an act or the charter of the government. The government oversees and supervises the operations of the organization through their appointed people. These community service organizations are also financially funded by the government (Flatau, 2013). They provide services which such as providing accommodation and financial assistance and others. Examples are Aboriginal Hostels Limited and National Disability Insurance Scheme. The non-governmental organizations are the community service organizations that have been established by the initiative of an individual or a group of individuals with the goal of social welfare in mind. These community service organizations receive funding from the contributions of the public, business magnates, c orporate houses and others. They provide services such as rehabilitation, social protection and counseling. Examples are Homelessness NSW and Foster Parents Support Network. There are certain ethos and practices for workers in the Australian human service professions. They are providing good service and social justice to the clients. Clients are people who are in deep need of communal service assistance. The human service workers must respect the self-esteem and honor of the clients. The workers must understand and value the harmony of human kinship. The workers themselves must be person of respectful integrity and nature. The workers must be proficient enough to deliver competent work. The generic knowledge and skills required by most human service workers in Australia are empathy, emotional intelligence, good communication, setting boundaries between personal and professional sphere, mental strength and determination and last, but not the least, the art of tolerance (Lawrence, 2016). Empathy and emotional intelligence are required by a human service worker to understand the grievances of the clients in a profound manner. Good communication skills are r equired by a human service worker to understand the exact context of the problem and to provide assuring support verbally. A human service worker must know to separate the professional life from personal life and should not involve oneself too personally with the situation of the client. Mental strength and determination are required by a human service worker to effectively handle the case of a client without stressing oneself. In order to become a good human service worker, an individual must be tolerant of all racial, economical and social class, because human service workers are supposed to serve clients of all color, background and religion (Ife, 2008). Overall, human service workers must possess the required generic knowledge of listening to the client, empathizing with the client and then delivering situation-specific productive solutions and assistances. There are some instances where the specialist skill and knowledge of human service workers are needed. The sectors of menta l health, counseling, child welfare and substance abuse require the human service workers, working there, to have the specialist skills. There are certain professional values, which are essential in the community service and human service practice in Australia. They are accountability, rectitude, responsibility, continuous development, learning, and having the ability to work in teams (Dubois Mile, 2013).The human service and community service workers must hold the accountability and responsibility of any work performed by them. They must have the rectitude to think morally. They must always have the thirst for acquiring further knowledge and learning so that they could enhance their understanding of the work. Finally, the community and human service workers must have the ability to deliver exceptional performance by working harmoniously in teams because community service work is a team-based work. Social justice is the concept of having unbiased and equitable associations between the people and the social community. In the field of community service work, social justice is an important notion (Sue, Rushed Rushed, 2 015).Provision of social justice is the primary function and motive in a community service organization. The social worker must work to provide social justice to the battered and oppressed clients. Social barriers are unavoidable in the Australian community service sector. Both the clients and the community service workers face certain social barriers in their line of work. For example, people hold certain negative perceptions against mental illness. Community service workers face social opposition when they come to offer professional aid or a helping hand to a mentally ill person. Similarly, when a mentally ill person seeks professional community service treatment, he or she is vehemently dissuaded against doing so by the family members, friends or the society, at large (Swan et al., 2013). In addition to this, certain people in the society have the false understanding that community service work is not a constructive line of work. It is thought to be a waste of time and useless. I t offers nothing, but hollow affirmation. Above are some of the social barriers faced by the community service sector and the clients in Australia. These social barriers exist due to peoples ignorance, incomprehension and a lack of knowledge for the community service work. There are certain theoretical approaches that exist in professional community service work. They are:- Psychological theory- Psychological theory specifies on approaching the problem of a client by having the notion that clients are molded by and retaliate to their social set up. Psychodynamic theory- Psychodynamic theory specifies on reflecting the causes of the behavior of the clients. It makes the community service worker to emphasize on the inner world of psychology of the client. Transpersonal theory- Transpersonal theory deals on encouraging the client to overcome hardships and inculcate appreciative manners. Social cognitive theory- Social cognitive theory centers on the fact of the influence of the habitat in the clients temperament and thereby the accompanying positive changes adopted by the client. Systems theory- System theory states that the conduct of the client depends upon various factors, which resembles as a system. The factors may be school, peer groups, guardians and others. The aforementioned theoretical approaches to professional community work helps to make the work of the community service workers well ordered and effortless (Payne, 2015). In the conclusion, it can be said that the community service sector in Australia is ever evolving and dynamic. The government in Australia has further taken the initiative to make the community service sector accessible to all the communities in Australia. The sector of community service must be adopted by every country in the world for the social well-being and welfare of the residents of the country. Community service sector performs the crucial work of providing helpful assistance to the aggrieved people of a country. Doing this, the community service sector saves the life of millions and helps to prevent the occurrence of unfortunate incidents, such as suicides. Community service sector helps to increase the social mobility of a country, directly and the life standard of its people. indirectly. Community service sector helps to erase all sorts of discrimination, prevalent in a society and helps all the citizens in a country to lead a beautiful and content life. References DuBois, B. L., Miley, K. K. (2013).Social work: An empowering profession. Pearson Higher Ed. Flatau, P., Conroy, E., Spooner, C., Edwards, R., Eardley, T., Forbes, C. (2013). Lifetime and intergenerational experiences of homelessness in Australia. Ife, J. (2008).Human rights and social work: Towards rights-based practice. Cambridge University Press. Jenson, J. M., Fraser, M. W. (Eds.). (2011).Social policy for children and families: A risk and resilience perspective. Sage. Lawrence, R. J. (2016).Professional social work in Australia. ANU Press. Payne, M. (2015).Modern social work theory. Oxford University Press. Purdie, N., Dudgeon, P., Walker, R. (2010). Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. Sue, D. W., Rasheed, M. N., Rasheed, J. M. (2015).Multicultural social work practice: A competency-based approach to diversity and social justice. John Wiley Sons. Swain, J., French, S., Barnes, C., Thomas, C. (Eds.). (2013).Disabling barriers-enabling environments. Sage. Vinson, T. (2009). Markedly socially disadvantaged localities in Australia: Their nature and possible remediation.Australian government publication accessed at https://www. socialinclusion. gov. au/resources/aust-govt-publications.