Finding The Peripheries Sovereignty And Colonialism

In â€Å"Finding the Peripheries: Sovereignty and Colonialism in Nineteenth-Century International Law,† Antony Anghie discusses the concept of sovereignty and membership. He uses the term â€Å"family nations† to illustrate the relations of states. Anghie seeks to find the answer to how â€Å"new† Europe deal with the task of â€Å"how order is created among sovereign state.† To which he asserts that â€Å"special doctrine† of shared norms and values have been devised for purpose of determining states’ sovereignty. Hence, states have resorted to the development of an international law to help them govern and set out the criteria that are required in order to be acknowledged as a sovereign state. Anghie subsequently put forth that this â€Å"international law applied only to the sovereign states that composed the civilized â€Å"Family Nations.† This definition excluded third world countries who were deemed as being â€Å"non-civi lized states† such as â€Å"non-European states.† This definition is problematic as it a very biased perception. The term sovereign state is arguably a social construct made by European as it is mainly of a Western European origin. Anghie acknowledges that states could be formally considered â€Å"sovereign† only if â€Å"they satisfied the criteria [for] membership in the civilized international society, they lacked the comprehensive range of power enjoyed by the European sovereigns.† This ultimately illustrates how the development of international law has dominated by European as western normsShow MoreRelatedColonial Rule Of Independence And Independence10047 Words   |  41 Pagesimportant role in governing a state and adjudicating disputes, the decision to retain an extraterritorial appellate institution such as the JCPC seems counterintuitive and an affront to state sovereignty. Elden (2006) states three fundamental canons anchoring this assertion- â€Å"the notion of equal sovereignty of states, internal competence for domestic jurisdiction and territorial integrity† (p. 11). The new national governing coalition takes over the state’s institutions and bears ultimate responsibilityRead MoreCan the Subaltern Speak9113 Words   |  37 Pagesof the most radical criticism coming out of the West today is the result of an interested desire to conserve the subject of the West, or the West as SUbject. The theory of pluralized subject-effects gives an illusion of undermining SUbjective sovereignty while often providing a cover for this subject of knowledge. Although the history of Europe as Subject is narrativized by the law, political economy, and ideology of the West, this concealed Subject pretends it has no geo-political determina271 Read MoreCase Studies in IMFs Investment on the African Continent10534 Words   |  42 Pagesand the Fund has been debating and implementing piecemeal amendments since Streamlining became a topic of discussion. Major themes arise, given the number of 2001 responses. Bird among many others argues conditionality infringes on national sovereignty (2) and that while the effects of conditionality through monetary policy remain undemonstrated positive or negative; relative currency devaluation conditions generally have had stabilizing effects, but cause inflation; which is usually offset byRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcated international system that resulted from the cold war standoff extended the retreat of globalization, but nurtured the liberation of most of humanity from colonial ruleRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagesunder customary international law; ICJ Nicaragua opinion: state that is the victim of such an armed attack has to request the collective defense. Serious covert attack against government and political institutions, aimed at the core of national sovereignty, is the functional equivalent of an open invasion to which states have a right to defend themselves; If this were not the norm, such covert/indirect aggression would be encouraged and world order would be negatively affected. Charter makes inRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesimplications of questions 1 and 2 for the effective and efficient management of organizations? . The relationship between organization theory and management practice 21 4. How can organization theorists design their research and communicate their findings so that it is perceived as relevant to the problems faced by practising managers and is accessible to them? For example, the observation of management practices in what have been categorized as exemplary or ‘excellent’ organizations has been presented

Symbolism of Blindness Free Essays

Symbol of Blindness in King Lear Blindness is usually defined as the physical ability of the eye to see. But in King Lear by William Shakespeare, blindness is not just a physical quality but also a mental flaw that people possess. This mental flaw can then lead to people making bad decisions because they can’t see the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism of Blindness or any similar topic only for you Order Now In King Lear, the recurring images of sight and blindness that are associated with the characters of Lear and Gloucester illustrate the theme of self-knowledge and consciousness that exists within the play and these characters. Gloucester’s characters plot parallels that of King Lear’s. Throughout the play, we explore what is meant by eyesight or the lack of it. King Lear is the first and the main character that faces problems by this idea of blindness. In act one, Lear asks his three daughters to express their love for him in order to get the share of the land and dowry. Goneril and Regan come up with an elaborate speech that uses with wit and deceit. She starts off by saying â€Å"Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter; dearer than eyesight, space, and liberty; beyond what can be valued, rich or rare; no less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honour; as much as child e’er loved, or father found; a love that makes breath poor, and speech unable; beyond all manner of so much I love you† (Foakes 1. 1. 55-61). The metaphorical language and beauty of Goneril and Regan’s speeches blind Lear. Cordelia truly loves him a lot but he doesn’t see it in her response when she says â€Å"Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave; my heart into my mouth: I love your majesty; According to my bond; nor more nor less† (Foakes 1. 1. 93-95). But on the other hand, Cordelia’s speech makes him feel less powerful. Her language is legalistic and delimiting. It suggests that it is a contractual relationship (Kronenfeld 96). By using the word bond, she makes it more formal but she’s talking to her father so she should be able to express her feelings in a less formal way. She declares her love to be of no surpassing quality. She is not like her sisters because it is not in her nature to solicit her father with outward showings of love but instead will show it through her actions (Kronenfeld 106). He misunderstands her love and is unable to see the love she actually has for him because of the way all three of the daughters respond. The two older sisters flatter their father instead of speaking the truth so they can get what they want and this leads to Cordelia being disowned. The cause of his blindness appears to be an infatuation with his own rank and station, which is a result of senility. Lear’s kingdom is used as a symbol of affection towards his three daughters. In the first act, it is implied that Cordelia is his favorite daughter. He feels that dividing up the land by the level of love they show to him is the right thing to do. He does not see that Goneril and Regan will use this as a chance to become his favorites. They will say whatever they need to for their own benefit because they are greedy. Driven by his own blindness, King Lear begins to make many mistakes not just with his daughters but also with his loyal supporter Kent. His blindness doesn’t allow him to see the truth in a person’s personality and character. When Kent hears about Cordelia getting disowned, he is shocked by the decision that King Lear. He tries helping King Lear understand the truth about his daughters but ends up getting banished himself. King Lear wants Kent â€Å"out of my sight† (Shakespeare 1. 1. 159). Kent responds by saying â€Å"See better, Lear; and let me still remain; The true blank of thine eye† (Foaks 1. 1. 60-161). Kent is trying to make him reconsider his decision but Lear’s anger gets the better of him and he banishes him from the Kingdom. The blank can refer to the center of a target but also the absence of something which captures the ambiguity and vulnerability of our seeing. Kent was King Lear’s eyes and ears and literally helped him see t hings clearly. Without Kent, he is even blinder to the reality than before. Kent disguises himself and manages to get rehired by King Lear which further shows his blindness. He knew Kent very well and yet couldn’t figure out that he was the same person. His vision and insight on other people never really improves and this leads to his downfall and eventually his death. Shakespeare uses a lot of offstage episodes which also shows the blindness to the audience. This indirect mode of presenting highly significant events generates doubt and confusion because the audience can’t see what is happening but is known only by reports of those who claim to have observed them. But it is hard to rely on here say because of characters like King Lear who are oblivious and blind from the truth. Due to King Lear’s lack on insight, it causes him to make bad judgements and leads him to endure great emotional pain and suffering as a result. It is through his and Gloucester’s characters that Shakespeare has allowed the audience to see what great emotional torment can plague a person because of disloyalty especially when it is that person’s fault due to a lapse in judgement. Shakespeare uses the plot of Gloucester to explicate Lear’s plot by contextualizing Lear’s blindness with Gloucester’s physical loss of vision. His character is very similar to Lear’s because they both couldn’t tell which of their children truly loved and cared for them. Edmund blindsides his father into believing that Edgar was plotting to kill him so this would allow him to gain power. Gloucester was easily convinced that the letter was real and never considers thinking if his son could actually do such a terrible thing. Both Lear and Gloucester are very quick to believe their children that use their language in a smart way to deceive their fathers. Gloucester also ends up disowning Edgar even though Edgar is the son who truly loves him. He doesn’t feel that he is making any wrong decisions and feels that â€Å"Come, if it be nothing, I shall not need spectacles† (Foakes 1. 2. 363-364). The word need means requiring something that’s important so in this case, being able to see the truth is a necessity but Gloucester feels that he doesn’t need that. It denies him the ability to distinguish between his good and evil sons. Gloucester ends up getting his eyes gouged out which is like a wake-up call for him. Edgar feels that â€Å"The Gods are just and of our pleasant vices; Make instruments to plague us; The dark and vicious place where thee he got Cost him his eyes† (Foakes 5. 3. 170-173). Not only does Edgar deceive his father but believes that his father got what he deserved. The blinding of a man is a symbol for the destruction of one’s manhood like getting castrated (Halio 222). Gloucester is an adulterer and is somewhat proud of this fact. Edgar goes on to say â€Å"Met I my father with his bleeding rings, Their precious stones new lost; become his guide, Led him, begg’d for him, sav’d him from despair† (Foakes 5. . 188-191). Edgar uses the word stone to refer to Gloucester’s lost eyes because it is a slang term for testicles which implies that the blinding was like Gloucester getting castrated (Halio 223). Once Gloucester became physically blind was when he actually started seeing clearly. It is very ironic when Gloucester says: â€Å"I have no way and therefor want no eyes; I stumbled when I saw. Full oft ‘tis seen Our means secure us, and our mere defects Prove our commodities. Ah dear son Edgar, The food of thy abused father’s wrath! Might I but live to see thee in my touch, I’ld say I had eyes again! † (Foakes 4. 1. 18-24) His inability to see the realities of his sons when he was mentally blind but managed to see his son’s true colors when he was physically blind because his eyes were gouged out. He eventually learns that vision is not just through your eyes but rather through your heart and mind. Gloucester’s subplot paralleled that of King Lear’s. Cordelia’s silence throughout the play usually signals acquiescence as she never stood up against her father or her older sisters. In Shakespearean tragedies, it generally conveys feelings of fear, despair, and confusion but Cordelia’s silence is evidence of her strength and constancy. Cordelia’s silence in the first few acts can be compared to her unwillingness to communicate in the later scenes. Lear is very similar to Cordelia in the sense that they both are very inarticulate when expressing emotions. After everything that her father has done to her, Cordelia is still devoted to helping her father and brings an army to help him. She doesn’t need to try to convince her father with words but instead her actions show it all. They are able to reconcile their relationship because of the love that she has for her father unlike her sisters who are willing to do anything to get power. Even though he has wronged her, she sees that he has recognized the errors of his ways. Cordelia is the only loyal daughter King Lear has. Even though she is silent and doesn’t have great communication skills, you can still feel the love she has for her father from the few things that she says. Throughout the play, Shakespeare uses King Lear and Gloucester to demonstrate how metaphorical blindness can cause a person to make erroneous decisions. King Lear’s lack of sight led him to banish Cordelia and Kent, the two people that supported him the most. Similarly, Gloucester is affected by this metaphorical blindness as well and leads to detrimental decisions for him and his family. Ironically, when Gloucester gets literally blind, he starts to think clearly but it is too late at this point to improve things. Only after they lose everything, they recognize that their blindness to honesty has cost them everything. Cordelia chooses to stay silent which she thinks is beneficial but in turn ends up getting her and her father killed. How to cite Symbolism of Blindness, Papers

Community Service in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Community Service. Answer: Community service can be defined as a type of work done by an individual or a team of individuals for the well-being of other people. Community service can offer help and assistance to any person or group including the physically or mentally handicapped people, adolescents and retired people (Jenson Fraser, 2011). In addition to this, community service organizations also help the distressed animals and birds. In some cases, community service organizations also perform civic duties, such as renovating buildings of historic importance or cleaning up local recreation grounds and others. Though, the concept of Community service organizations originated in the west, at present, it can be found in most of the countries in the world (Vinson, 2009). This essay outlines the fact to elaborate on the conception of the community service organizations in Australia and the various factors related to the ethos, professional values, social justice, social barriers and theoretical approaches of the community service organizations in Australia. The community service sector in Australia does not have a proper historical set up like the French or the Canadian community service sector. This is because it had originated at the time of the beginning of the social revolutionary movements in the late nineteenth century. Later, community service sector in Australia evolved around the social rehabilitation of the people belonging to the Aboriginal community in Australia (Purdie, Dudgeon Walker, 2010). Community service sector in Australia encompasses a broad group of organizations. The types of community service organizations in Australia are: Community service organizations, that serves the people, residing in the local community. Examples are sporting organizations, cooperatives society and others. Community service organizations, which are funded financially, to carry out certain activities. Examples are the domestic violence organizations, childcare organizations and the drug rehabilitation organizations. Community service organizations that perform communal activities such as religious groups, labor unions and environmental watch groups. In Australia, there are both non-governmental community service organizations as well as governmental community service organizations. The governmental community service organizations are the community service organizations, which have been established by an act or the charter of the government. The government oversees and supervises the operations of the organization through their appointed people. These community service organizations are also financially funded by the government (Flatau, 2013). They provide services which such as providing accommodation and financial assistance and others. Examples are Aboriginal Hostels Limited and National Disability Insurance Scheme. The non-governmental organizations are the community service organizations that have been established by the initiative of an individual or a group of individuals with the goal of social welfare in mind. These community service organizations receive funding from the contributions of the public, business magnates, c orporate houses and others. They provide services such as rehabilitation, social protection and counseling. Examples are Homelessness NSW and Foster Parents Support Network. There are certain ethos and practices for workers in the Australian human service professions. They are providing good service and social justice to the clients. Clients are people who are in deep need of communal service assistance. The human service workers must respect the self-esteem and honor of the clients. The workers must understand and value the harmony of human kinship. The workers themselves must be person of respectful integrity and nature. The workers must be proficient enough to deliver competent work. The generic knowledge and skills required by most human service workers in Australia are empathy, emotional intelligence, good communication, setting boundaries between personal and professional sphere, mental strength and determination and last, but not the least, the art of tolerance (Lawrence, 2016). Empathy and emotional intelligence are required by a human service worker to understand the grievances of the clients in a profound manner. Good communication skills are r equired by a human service worker to understand the exact context of the problem and to provide assuring support verbally. A human service worker must know to separate the professional life from personal life and should not involve oneself too personally with the situation of the client. Mental strength and determination are required by a human service worker to effectively handle the case of a client without stressing oneself. In order to become a good human service worker, an individual must be tolerant of all racial, economical and social class, because human service workers are supposed to serve clients of all color, background and religion (Ife, 2008). Overall, human service workers must possess the required generic knowledge of listening to the client, empathizing with the client and then delivering situation-specific productive solutions and assistances. There are some instances where the specialist skill and knowledge of human service workers are needed. The sectors of menta l health, counseling, child welfare and substance abuse require the human service workers, working there, to have the specialist skills. There are certain professional values, which are essential in the community service and human service practice in Australia. They are accountability, rectitude, responsibility, continuous development, learning, and having the ability to work in teams (Dubois Mile, 2013).The human service and community service workers must hold the accountability and responsibility of any work performed by them. They must have the rectitude to think morally. They must always have the thirst for acquiring further knowledge and learning so that they could enhance their understanding of the work. Finally, the community and human service workers must have the ability to deliver exceptional performance by working harmoniously in teams because community service work is a team-based work. Social justice is the concept of having unbiased and equitable associations between the people and the social community. In the field of community service work, social justice is an important notion (Sue, Rushed Rushed, 2 015).Provision of social justice is the primary function and motive in a community service organization. The social worker must work to provide social justice to the battered and oppressed clients. Social barriers are unavoidable in the Australian community service sector. Both the clients and the community service workers face certain social barriers in their line of work. For example, people hold certain negative perceptions against mental illness. Community service workers face social opposition when they come to offer professional aid or a helping hand to a mentally ill person. Similarly, when a mentally ill person seeks professional community service treatment, he or she is vehemently dissuaded against doing so by the family members, friends or the society, at large (Swan et al., 2013). In addition to this, certain people in the society have the false understanding that community service work is not a constructive line of work. It is thought to be a waste of time and useless. I t offers nothing, but hollow affirmation. Above are some of the social barriers faced by the community service sector and the clients in Australia. These social barriers exist due to peoples ignorance, incomprehension and a lack of knowledge for the community service work. There are certain theoretical approaches that exist in professional community service work. They are:- Psychological theory- Psychological theory specifies on approaching the problem of a client by having the notion that clients are molded by and retaliate to their social set up. Psychodynamic theory- Psychodynamic theory specifies on reflecting the causes of the behavior of the clients. It makes the community service worker to emphasize on the inner world of psychology of the client. Transpersonal theory- Transpersonal theory deals on encouraging the client to overcome hardships and inculcate appreciative manners. Social cognitive theory- Social cognitive theory centers on the fact of the influence of the habitat in the clients temperament and thereby the accompanying positive changes adopted by the client. Systems theory- System theory states that the conduct of the client depends upon various factors, which resembles as a system. The factors may be school, peer groups, guardians and others. The aforementioned theoretical approaches to professional community work helps to make the work of the community service workers well ordered and effortless (Payne, 2015). In the conclusion, it can be said that the community service sector in Australia is ever evolving and dynamic. The government in Australia has further taken the initiative to make the community service sector accessible to all the communities in Australia. The sector of community service must be adopted by every country in the world for the social well-being and welfare of the residents of the country. Community service sector performs the crucial work of providing helpful assistance to the aggrieved people of a country. Doing this, the community service sector saves the life of millions and helps to prevent the occurrence of unfortunate incidents, such as suicides. Community service sector helps to increase the social mobility of a country, directly and the life standard of its people. indirectly. Community service sector helps to erase all sorts of discrimination, prevalent in a society and helps all the citizens in a country to lead a beautiful and content life. References DuBois, B. L., Miley, K. K. (2013).Social work: An empowering profession. Pearson Higher Ed. Flatau, P., Conroy, E., Spooner, C., Edwards, R., Eardley, T., Forbes, C. (2013). Lifetime and intergenerational experiences of homelessness in Australia. Ife, J. (2008).Human rights and social work: Towards rights-based practice. Cambridge University Press. Jenson, J. M., Fraser, M. W. (Eds.). (2011).Social policy for children and families: A risk and resilience perspective. Sage. Lawrence, R. J. (2016).Professional social work in Australia. ANU Press. Payne, M. (2015).Modern social work theory. Oxford University Press. Purdie, N., Dudgeon, P., Walker, R. (2010). Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. Sue, D. W., Rasheed, M. N., Rasheed, J. M. (2015).Multicultural social work practice: A competency-based approach to diversity and social justice. John Wiley Sons. Swain, J., French, S., Barnes, C., Thomas, C. (Eds.). (2013).Disabling barriers-enabling environments. Sage. Vinson, T. (2009). Markedly socially disadvantaged localities in Australia: Their nature and possible remediation.Australian government publication accessed at https://www. socialinclusion. gov. au/resources/aust-govt-publications.

The Grapes of Wrath Description Al Joad and the S Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Grapes of Wrath: Description Al Joad and the S Argumentative Essay ettingThe Grapes of Wrath: Description Al Joad and the SettingAl Joad is a fairly skinny guy of medium built who starts out being acocky, self-conceited character. His only justifiable reason for acting cockyis that his brother, Tom, killed a man and went to jail. Al respects his brotherand thinks of him as a man for having killed another man. The fact of thematter is that Tom was only acting in self defense. After a man came after Tomwith a knife, Tom hit him over the head with a shovel, and killing him in theprocess. Al would receive complements all over town from people who recognizehim and being the brother of a man that was a killer. As soon as Tom Joadcomes home from prison, Al is a changed person. We will write a custom essay on The Grapes of Wrath: Description Al Joad and the S Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He is no longer cocky and healmost resents his brother coming home so soon. As the Joad family is forced toleave their home land and travel to California, Al takes on a greatresponsibility. His job is to drive the family and take complete care of thetruck that they are driving. Al takes his job very seriously and gets upset whenanything happens to the car. Emotionally, I would say Al has become very strongthroughout the novel. He starts out pretty depend on the glory of his brother,but he takes his responsibilities seriously. I see Al as being a crucialcharacter later in the novel. He is the kind of person that needs motivationfrom the start, but once he gets going, he wont stop. Setting DescriptionOklahoma could best be described as one large dustbowl. All rain hasceased to fall. The dry wind wisps through the air and gathers dirt. If youlisten closely enough, it sounds as though there are people moaning wheneverwind is present. The heat is so humid that any source of water is dried up, andthe plants wither away. All of the corn crops are gone as well as all othercrops. The dirt is like sand; it has no moisture or fertilization. It isgrainy and hard as though no water has ever moistened it. Day after day,storm clouds can be seen lingering overhead. You could swear it would rain anyminute, but it never does. The humidity only increases and the fine dustparticles become part of the air; which only makes things worse. Not only is itunbearably hot, but it is terribly difficult to breathe. Life cannot exist insuch unbearable conditions. For this reason, life moves on and leaves behindthe giant dustbowl. English

Nursing Career Essay Example

Nursing Career Essay Example Nursing Career Essay Nursing Career Essay My Nursing Career Paper Nursing will be my major. The reason why nursing will be my major is because I want to become a nurse. I want to help others in need. I love helping other people. Another reason why I want to become a nurse is because my mom taught me in to become a nurse by many reasons. My mom had a major stroke, she cant walk, talk, eat, see, she is bed ridden, it is hard but my dad and I take very good care of her. I always help out a lot. It is a lot of responsibility for the both of us. I gain a lot of experience from this because I help change her, I give her medicine to her, I help my dad shower her, I o a lot to help my dad out with my mom. As you can see I really do love helping others and I will continue to help others. Yes I did decide my major before I entered college. I knew I wanted to become a nurse when this all happened to my mom in august 26, 2009. Yes It was hard for us when we found out from the doctors that she will never be her self again. Thats when I knew I wanted to become a registered nurse. Yes nursing will be hard but you Just have to follow your dreams and never give up. Yes I am satisfied with my course of study. It is very interesting to be because I love doing the things I do for people. I always help them out when they need money, or if they were sick, I would go take care of them. What was my was joyful because I always knew I loved helping people in so many ways. I would always inspire them. I would never let anyone down I would do the best I can do to help someone out and my family knows that. My friends reaction to me telling them I wanted to become a nurse was very shocking to them because they thought I would never help others. They thought I always hated everyone because I was quiet and because I was shy. Even if I hated someone or dislike someone I would still help them in every kind of way I can. After I told my friends what happened to my mom they were shocked for me. But one day they came up to me saying Jill, I never knew you cared for others so much by helping other people who need the help. Right away they said I am proud of the person you are. They never thought I would want to become a nurse. Did I put a lot of thought into nursing as to becoming my major? Yes I did because I knew a lot of hospitals need nurses. Nursing is very helpful to others because it shows you want to help others. It is a very good to know what you want to become in life. After everything happened to my mom I knew what I wanted to become. After everything with my mom it change life completely. It change my life completely because I knew I wanted to help my mom become a nurse because I saw the way my mom was. I am always helping my dad at things that never thought I was ever going to do but now after everything happened with my mom I know what I want to be. I want to become a registered nurse. There are many types of courses I need for nursing as my major. These courses re basic nutrition chemistry, psychology, human anatomy (structure of the body), physiology (how the body functions), human development, microbiology (germs), nursing science, pharmacology (drugs and medicines) and communication. The amount of time you need to study is about four to six hours of studying on week days and weekends. The more time you study the better you will review the material. It is very important to study and get very good grades. The courses I will be taking for nursing are going to be very useful in the future because you learned everything you need to know about becoming a nurse. You will need to know all the material to become a nurse. The level of difficulty of nursing is very difficult. There is a lot of studying involved. You have to be on task 2417 you cant let nothing get in the way. You have to take it seriously because it is very important because if your not paying attention you can hurt someone. Its difficult because there are a lot of courses you need for nursing. You need to take it seriously or your not going to succeed in to becoming a nurse. There are many and negative, effects of nursing. The positive effects are benefits, helping people who Anton do for themselves, you teach people how to do things for themselves, gives you confidence for dealing with situations. There are many negative effects of a nurse. There are many people who have long hours, exposed to many diseases, low staffing equals more responsibility equals a lot of high stress. College can help me with my nursing study by getting me in the program for nursing and to get my degree in it. No, nursing does not need a degree further than a bachelors degree. You can have your associates, and masters degree in nursing. There are many types of Jobs that are available for nursing. You can work at a hospital, nursing home, become a home health aid anything that is in your field. Are about five, careers that are in my major. No there are not other areas of work directly to nursing. The yearly salary for nursing is $64,690. Does nursing career require traveling? It depends on where you live at. But in New York, it does not require you to travel. Nursing will always be my major. I will always help people in need. It is my Job to help others and to never let them down. It is my Job to make sure they are well cared for while they are in the hospital.

Battle of the Sexes

The concept of being a man, and the idea of manliness, has been debatable in recent decades due to acts of feminism. Paul Theroux wrote Being a Man and was very opinionated as he said the idea of manliness was wrong and oppressive. Harvey Mansfield wrote The Partial Eclipse of Manliness, and stated that the concept of being manly has diminished and been overpowered by feminism. Both of these readings have provided valid and doubtful points in the discussion of what constitutes being manly, as well as how North American culture views the stereotypical man. Both authors are very opinionated and biased in their readings as they do not have any outside sources supporting their beliefs, but they do make effective arguments which further their attitude and outlook on manliness. In Paul Theroux’s reading Being a Man, it is stated that man can be categorized as stupid, arrogant, and much like pre-historic cavemen. Theroux continued to say that if someone were born as a man, there would be limits of what he is physically, emotionally, and mentally capable of. His highly personal view of how men act relates to a time when men were expected to aspire to be the so-called perfect man. The stereotypical perfect man is theoretically defined as brash, built, strong, athletic, and overall a poor loser when it involves any form of competition. It is also claimed that the typical man should be stupid, unfeeling, obedient, and ultimately soldierly. Theroux argued that these qualities eventually create poor husbands, sadists, and potentially rapists. Although this could happen, it is very unlikely that the majority of men with those characteristics will end up malicious and violent like Theroux stated. Mansfield’s approach to the deterioration of masculinity faulted women. He believed manliness is dubious as women over the years have been referred to with manly intentions. He felt that feminism has not only succeeded, but dominated current culture. For example, policemen and mailmen are no longer in existence, but rather they are police officers and mailpersons. Mansfield thought the concept of manliness had diminished to the point of becoming obsolete. He felt the concept of manliness, being strong, emotionless, and violent, cannot include women. He wanted women to continue to be meek, petit and frail; the direct opposite of what his ideal man is supposed to be. As a view from people who have rarely been referred to as masculine, many women are able to offer an unbiased honest opinion when it comes to the broad term of being manly. As someone who has never personally been associated with masculinity, I feel these readings present both current and outdated views on what manliness is. Both readings had a similar message of establishing man but they portray them in different ways. Theroux’s reading expressed how he felt uneasy, unsure, and apprehensive when it came to the term manly as he viewed it as degrading. As a woman’s perspective, I feel that the term manly is far from shameful or dishonourable. A manly man is something many women look for in a prospective partner as a shy, emotional, and weak male is undesirable. This is not because women are too concerned with physical appearance and mental capacity, but because women are wired to look for mates with these qualities. This dates back to days of cave men and women when language was limited and appearances were the only means of finding a mating partner. In my view, it appears that Theroux is attempting to understand the term â€Å"being a man† at face value while disregarding the fact, that not everyone associates a man with the qualities he has previously stated. In comparison to Theroux’s reading, Mansfield concentrated more on the aspect of how manly qualities are being given to women. Women are now able to take on the characteristics of being masculine and as a result, the definition of being a man has been altered and is unclear. Mansfield’s reading demonstrates a fear of being second-rate in comparison to female counter parts when in truth he has nothing to be concerned over. In my opinion, his panic of inferiority in unnecessary as women will always be considered the lesser sex. Regardless of how much effort is put into gender equality, women will always be initially seen as soft and sweet while men will be primarily viewed as rough and tough. Both Theroux and Mansfield refer to the same point but in different ways: Are men to just live with this degraded status? If women can take on the characteristics of being manly then what makes a man? Being manly is in no way considered a degraded status from my perspective, but a term of affection instead. As for women taking on characteristics of being manly, I feel they choose to be referred to masculine. It does not deteriorate the idea of men being manly but rather makes women much more like man. The authors have very old fashioned views of how a modern culture should be when they state: a male should be masculine and a female should be feminine.

Support for hormone replacement therapy Assignment

Support for hormone replacement therapy - Assignment Example ormone replacement therapy is beneficial in the treatment of urogenital atrophy by decreasing vaginal epithelial pH and inducing the maturation of urethral mucosal and vaginal cells. Urogenital atrophy brings psychological trauma and as such, hormone replacement therapy is by extension beneficial in treating such psychological effects. Hormone replacement therapy is helpful in preventing and treating oral bone loss. This is a common problem in postmenopausal women and is associated with estrogen deficiency. There is evidence that hormone replacement therapy can help treat vision problems in elderly persons. Evidence suggests that hormone replacement therapy is important in reducing the occurrence of coronary heart disease (Hodis, 2008). One of the limitations of hormone replacement therapy is that it increases susceptibility to venous and pulmonary thromboembolism. However, this varies with the timing so that the risk of contracting venous thromboembolism is higher in the first year of treatment. Another limitation with hormone replacement therapy is that it increases the risk of developing breast cancer. The therapy also increases susceptibility to stroke especially ischaemic stroke. Evidence suggests that the use of estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy increases the risk of endometrial cancer. Hormone replacement therapy has a limitation of increasing the risk of ovarian cancer. The therapy causes bleeding in its users especially for the first three to six months (Billecia et. al., 2008). In light of the above benefits and limitations of hormone replacement therapy, I would support hormone therapy. I would support this therapy because it is a good treatment option for many medical conditions some of which may not have a better treatment option. Another reason why I would support this therapy is that continued research is increasingly discovering ways of improving its effectiveness and reduces its side effects. I would support the use of hormone replacement

PEST analysis for the iphone in the UK( just Social and Technological Essay

PEST analysis for the iphone in the UK( just Social and Technological part) - Essay Example One of the company’s products that are highly demanded in the market is iphone. This paper will discuss the technological and social factors and how they affect the demand of the product in the UK market The young people make the largest market segment in UK. These are people with a disposable income which they are willing to spend on high quality products in the market. Having an iPhone is currently being considered as a social symbol. The current generation has a perception that owning one of these phones is an indication that one belongs to a higher social class (Meek, Meek, & Chartered Institute of Marketing 2003). Therefore, young people across the UK are working hard in order to ensure that they get hold of this gadget. This has played a significant role in increasing the demand for the product in the market. The design and the quality of iPhone make it ideal for majority of the UK population. The local population believes that Apple Company produces high quality products which meet the demand of the current generation. As a result, people are willing to go to any extent in order to purchase the product. Moreover, the innovative nature of the company makes the customer more eager to wait for the next product (Nykiel 2003). However, iPhone has been able to satisfy the interests of very many customers in the UK. Therefore, the demand for the phone continues to rise each day. Apple Inc has been using various media in order to reach the target market. Currently, it has shifted towards social media in order to reach its customers across the country. The social media platforms have given an opportunity for the company to communicate directly with the customers (Pogue 2010). As a result, the customers are able to raise their grievances concerning the company’s product. Therefore, the issues are addressed before they get out of hand. This has been instrumental in developing a very close customer relationship (Lancaster &

Compare and contrast Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast Shakespeare Essay Both poets discuss the treatment of women within their world. In each case, they indicate their disgust with the way men behave. Shakespeares sonnet offers a mocking tone to the courtly gentlemen of his day whilst Zephanaiahs tone is more angry. Shakespeare writes to a strict ABAB rhyming pattern within the fourteen line sonnet structure. Benjamin Zephanaiah however does not stick to any sort of standard rhyming pattern and the poem is not written in a regular western structure, more so in a reggae rhythm. The effect Shakespeare obtains from this structure is one of a mordant tone. The audience of the time would have expected a poem of love like Bartholomew Griffins Fiddesa. The audience expects My mistress eyes to be described as on a level with the warm brightness of the sun, and are stunned to read nothing like the sun. This evidently gives an image of Shakespeare mocking Griffin and other poets that wrote love poems at the time. I think that Zephanaiah, however, is not writing in a regular western structure and rhythm because he wants to break convention. His poem is deeply rhythmic but he clearly avoids using Eurocentric rhyming patterns and structures. This encapsulates an angry atmosphere to the poem. The reggae rhythm is often used to attack western culture. The Caribbean culture used the reggae rhythm to speak out in times of despair when Negroes were persecuted. Reggae has a distinctive sound, which originates from the West Indies. Zephanaiah writes put de judge in the grave,. The word grave is a very strong word. He is almost suggesting the judge should be killed. When he says, judge I do not think he is only referring to the judges of these so called Miss World beauty pageants but anybody that is judgemental in this way. Every person on the planet has judged somebody at some time in his or her lives, so does everybody deserve to die? It becomes apparent that Zephanaiah is also unhappy with other types of persecutions, namely racism. Zephanaiah makes several references to slavery and how his sister dont want to go to the market to be viewed like a slave and be viewed like her ancestors were, like second class citizens. He carefully intertwines womanhood and slavery. He is clearly referring to women that have been forced to become prostitutes in the red light districts of the world. Zephanaiah shows his rage to these activities as well as his disgust with how some people feel that women are tradable. Both poems use non-comparisons. Shakespeare say his mistress eyes are nothing like the sun; and that no such roses see I in her cheeks;. Shakespeare clearly mocks the love poets of the era; for example in the poem Fidessa by Bartholomew Griffin his ladys eyes the brightest stars the heavens hold; Her cheeks, red roses, such as seld have been; Fidessa line 3 Benjamin Griffin wrote Fidessa in 1596. Sonnet 130 was written just thirteen years later in 1609. Fidessa is written in the style typical to the love poetry of the time. Shakespeare clearly detests this style of writing, so writes a poem to mock it. Shakespeares poem is written in a sarcastic manner. Zephanaiah, however, uses different types of non comparisons like her value is not prize money. She is priceless. Human souls are not designed for trading; a price cannot be put on a life. The difference in effect is a much angrier feeling to the more modern of the two poems. Neither one of the poems describes the female as a woman, lady or even wife. Shakespeare uses mistress. Mistress are associated with power and control; they are on a level with any male equivalents. Zephanaiah uses the word sister. Again he is trying to show the female as an equal to the male. In both poems this has the same effect; the female is treated in the same way as a man. Both poets are trying to give a certain amount of respect to women. Both poems feature the same basic themes of sexual discrimination, the only difference being the tone they are written in. Sonnet 130 is written to mock the poets of the time whilst Miss World is written in resentment and exasperation.

Internet Censorship - Just Say No Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive To

Internet Censorship: Just Say No    In December of 1994, a young college student named Jake Baker posted one of his fiction pieces in an alt.sex newsgroup. Usually, his contributions to this widely-read site consisted of short stories about rape, torture, and murder of women. In this particular newsgroup post, he continued with his usual contributions; however, he took it a bit further by writing about one of his fellow classmates, using her name and identity in the piece. Faculty members at the University of Michigan discovered his story and later expelled him from school. Federal agents then raided his house, arrested him, and discovered copies of e-mail Baker had exchanged with a Canadian, mapping out his and the Canadian's plan to meet in Ann Arbor the following summer to commit rapes and murders together. Baker was indicted in federal court for threatening his classmate, but the indictment was later revised to drop the charges based on the newsgroup posting and to rely on the threats to unspecified "victims" made in the e-mails Baker exchanged with the Canadian. Late in June, a federal judge dismissed charges against Baker, holding that his acts were not a federal crime (http://www.spectacle.org/). Now, four years later, the questions still remain: Did Baker cross the line when he used the victim's name and personal description? Did he violate the free speech/free press rights? Did Baker abuse his posting privileges, and did he commit a crime via the Internet? My answer is no, that his newsgroup posts didn't constitute a real threat. Baker may have written hard-core pornography and offensively viscious articles, but he had the freedom to do so. Many would disagree with me, arguing that Baker was way out of line when ... ...the Internet: Allow people to publish their own work on the Internet and in newsgroup posts. Don't try to regulate something that's almost impossible to regulate. And if you're a concerned parent, get Surfwatch or some other kind of Netfiltering program -- it's up to you to protect your own child's innocence. If you're offended by something you read on the Internet, keep going and don't look back. And finally, I'd leave the person with a statement that I read on the Internet itself: "Censor yourself, not others....The internet is the largest gathering of human beings ever assembled....One of the ground rules is that there is No-One-In-Charge, which means there is no censorship....This freedom is the prime reason that the Internet has become so important and why there are so many diverse resources" (http://www.trifectanet.com/safety.html). What a powerful statement.

Ship Maintenance

ship maintenance [pic] DECLARATION AND APPROVAL REPORT INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT It is hereby declared and verified that this report entitled: INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT AT KONSORTIUM PELABUHAN KEMAMAN SDN. BHD. by ABDUL AZIM BIN ALIAS, Matrix No. UK 17895 has been examined. This report is submitted to the Department of Maritime Technology as partial fulfillment the requirement of subject of MTM 4992. Approval by: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. UMT Supervisor Name: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Fadhli Bin Ahmad Official Stamp:Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Industrial Training Coordinator Name: En Che Wan Mohd Noor bin Othman Official Stamp:Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this report entitled INDUSTRY TRAINING REPORT AT KONSORTIUM PELABUHAN KEMAMAN SDN BHD is the writing by my own self. Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ NameABDUL AZIM BIN ALIAS Matrix No. UK 17895 Date30th October 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah,  thanks  to the Almighty  for  kindness  to  me  and Industrial Training program  successfully in  Kemaman  Port Consortium  Sdn. Bhd.. (KPK). First of all  I wish to  thank  the infinite to the  Dean of the Faculty  of Maritime Studies  and  Marine Science (FMSM)  Universiti Malaysia Terengganu  (UMT)  Prof. Madya  Dato' Dr  Saharuddin  Bin Dato'  Abdul  Hamid,  Deputy Dean (Academic  & HEP) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan  Nik   Wan   Mohd  Nik Sani,  Faculty of Industrial Training  Coordinator  Datin  Norhayati Bt. Hj  Shariff, and also  to the  Supervisor  UMT  Dr  Mohammad  Bin Ahmad  Fadhli  who have  provided assistance  and guidance  in the  training  industry and provide  industry  training  report. I wish  to thank  to the  KPK particularly  the Department  of Management (KPK)  and the Faculty of Maritime Studies  and Marine Science  (UMT)  on the cooperation and   opportunity. Industry  training program  for 12 weeks  is  required  I  do,  that  as one requirement for  my graduation  in  UMT. This program  has provided me  exposure to  the  real  working world  I might  face  later. God willing,  all the knowledge  and experience  gained  will be  my  full advantage. As a  company that  has taken the  responsibility to train,  it appears KPK  could  very well   play its part  in providing  training and exposure to me. In a  work  environment   that  was new to me,  a sense of responsibility  and dedication  has encouraged me  to complete   this training  successfully. Problem-solving skills  and communication skills  are two  very important  elements that  I can  learn  here,  and both  truly test  my skills  as a  new person  in the  KPK. Therefore,  I will  use  this experience  as  the most valuable  assets  to face  the working world  in the future. My thanks also  to Mr. Alias   Bin  Zainal  (General Manager  Traffic and Maintenance  Department)  and Captain  Abdul  Razak  Bin Embong  (Marine  Department Manager)  for giving  full cooperation throughout the  program is run. Not forgetting the KPK  staff  involved, especially  all the  staff of the Department  of Management,  Traffic, Finance,  and he  Marine  Department  which  is mostly  old guard does not  mean  that   information  and  give  knowledge  to me. Without their  contributions, this program  can not be  fully  accomplished. Finally,  thank you  once again   to everyone  and individuals  involved in the  success of the  Industrial Training  Program, especially  our friends  and Mr. Alias   Bin  Zainal   (Supervisor  Organization)  for having  to monitor  and provide  appropriate  guidance and advice throughout  I was in  this  KPK. May Allah  bestow  His mercy  and  give back to  them. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY All students  Bachelor  of Applied Science (Maritime Technology)Intake  July  09/08, Faculty  of Maritime Studies  and Marine Science(FMSM)  is  required to undergo industrial training  for three  months, beginning on  May 15  until  August 4, 2011. During the  Industrial Training  program  at  Kemaman  Port  Consortium  Sdn  Bhd  (KPK) in this period, I  was  placed in  several departments,  including  Traffic and Maintenance Department and  Marine  Department. Through participation  in  this program, I  was exposed to the  systems  of work adopted by  the  department  in  carrying out  this  task and  has certainly  a lot of experience  and workmanship  to me. Many  systems of work that  I learned  while staying  at the  KPK  it includes a  Working   System  Control  Ships for entry in  the Port  and Working System Control  Ships exit in  Port  (Department of  Traffic) and  Working  System of Pilot operation  in the Port   (Marine Department). Through  involvement in  the daily  work  that has  direct contact with  the  working system, I  not only  exposed to  office  work, but  I  was also  given   exposure  through the  implementation of  tasks outside the office. All  this  work  requires the cooperation of  the system  and demand  high commitment  from all parties  and  it  is essential  to enable the  KPK  to implement and  provide the best service  and effectively  to its customers. Thus, with  this  Training  Program, students  will get more  exposure on  the working world and  to understand  the challenges of  working through the program. In addition,  it  also helps  students learn  the systems  commonly  work  as well  to add value to  the learners themselves. TERM AND CONDITION KPK: Konsortium Pelabuhan Kemaman Sdn Bhd UMT: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu FMSM: Fakulti Pengajian Maritim Dan Sains Marin LCB: Liquid Chemical Berth EW: East Wharf GWP: Good Warehouse Practice ISO: International Standardized Organisation D. O: Delivery Order ETD: Estimated Time Departure ETA: Estimated Time Arrival CIC: Clerk in Charge WIC: Wharf in Charge GRT: Gross Registered Tonnage FRT: Freightweight Tonnes DT: Displacement Tonne DWT: Deadweight Tonne PAC: Pre-Arrival Clearance. RO: Radio Operator CONTENT TOPIC PAGES DECLARATION AND APPROVAL REPORT I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III EXECUTIVE SUMMARYV TERM AND CONDITION VI CONTENT VII FIGURE LIST IX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of Organization1 1. 2 KPK Organization Chart3 1. 3 Services at Kemaman Port Consortium(Core Business)4 1. 3. 1 Facilities Provided by KPK 4 1. 3. 2 Services Provided by KPK 6 1. 4 Map and Description of Kemaman Port Consortium 8 CHAPTER 2 TRAINING DESCRIPTION 2. 1Training at Traffic & Maintenance Department10 2. 2Training at Marine Department14 CHAPTER 3 WORK SYSTEM THAT LEARNED 3. WORK FLOW CHART: Pre-Arrival Clearance Vessel Process17 3. 1. 1Problem in Working System21 3. 1. 2Problem Solving Suggestion21 3. 2 WORK FLOW CHART : Inward Vessel Process 22 3. 2. 1Problem in Working System26 3. 2. 2Problem Solving Suggestion26 3. 3 WORK FLOW CHART : Pilot Operation Working Process27 3. 3. 1Problem in Working System31 3. 3. 2Problem Solving Suggestion31 CHAPTER 4 : EXPERIENCE AND SKILLS 4. 1 Summary of Experience and Skills 32 4. 2 Relationship Between The Knowled ge and Theory in UMT33 4. Contribution by Student and Organization33 4. 4 The Network Relationship will be Provide34 CHAPTER 5 : PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 35 CHAPTER 6 : DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 37 CHAPTER 7 : OVERALL SUMMARY OF TRAINING INDUSTRIAL40 REFFERENCES 41 APPENDIX 40 1. Lampiran A: Second Schedule for Notice of Arrival 2. Lampiran B: Letter of Indemnity 3. Lampiran C: Cargoes Manifest by Custom 4. Lampiran D: International Ship & Port Safety (ISPS) form 5. Lampiran E: Crew List 6. Lampiran F: Stowage Plan 7. Lampiran G: Estimate Charge . Lampiran H: PAC certificate 9. Lampiran I: Pilot Note 10. Lampiran J: Ship Files FIGURE LIST LIST PAGES 1. Rajah 1. 1 : Organization Chart 3 2. Rajah 1. 2 : Machinery Equipment List 5 3. Rajah 1. 3 : KPK Description and Map 8 4. Rajah 2. 1 : Industrial Training Schedule9 5. Rajah 2. 2 : Trainees measure  freight  yard  tenants 12 6. Rajah 2. 3 : Trainees involved the loading cargo operation 13 7. Rajah 2. : The process of supplying a f resh water to ship 13 8. Rajah 2. 5 : Trainees follow the pilot to took the ship 15 9. Rajah 2. 6 : The services by tug boat 15 10. Rajah 6. 1 : KPK SWOT Analysis 38 11. Rajah 6. 3 : The target growth of Total Cargo (MT) 39 12. Rajah 6. 4 : The target total benefits (M) 39 ———————– DEPARTMENT OF MARITIME TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF MARITIME STUDIES AND MARINE SCIENCE

The day I went to the Department of Motor Vehicles

When I decided to go to the United States, my friends were really envious of me. They called the United States ‘Dream Land’, and so did I. Yes, I came here to make my dreams come true. I was so excited. When I boarded the airplane, my heart was beating faster and faster. And when I got off in the San Francisco International Airport, everything looked different from my country. Everything was beautiful. I admired the buildings, the people, I even thought that the sky here was so beautiful that home could not compare. Back home I hated it when it rains but here I thought of rainy days as romantic. The wind here was as cool as strawberry ice cream. I just loved everything in this ‘Dream Land’.   This was paradise to me, where I thought everyone is an angel. Little did I know that this illusion would soon be over, and this is the story of how my ‘Dream Land’ crumbled before my very eyes. Everything started when I decided I needed a car. Back home, I never felt the inconvenience of not having a car. I could go almost everywhere by foot and if I had to go somewhere far the bus can be relied on. However, ‘Dream land’ is huge; I could not go to market without a car. Everything was far from my place and the buses never came on time, so I spend hours on the road to get to where I need to go. That’s why I decided to buy a car. My parents however did not understand my situation. My father thought I envied friends who have cars, but eventually he agreed and said that if I can get a license he will buy me a car. My teacher gave me driver’s hand book to study and wrote a letter for the DMV to explain that I am an international student and that I needed assistance to get my driver’s license. During that time I was as student in the English as a Second Language center at Sac State. My English was not good. I had difficulty expressing myself in English. I could understand what they are saying but I could not give a reply since it was so hard for me to say what I am thinking. That’s why my teacher wanted the DMV officer to read her letter. When I went to DMV, I had to wait an hour and half until my number was called even if I had a reservation. An hour and a half was really a long time to wait, but that was still okay with me. My frustration started right after that. I went to the window which has my number on the screen. There was old white lady. She looked very blunt and never smiled. I said, â€Å"Hi, um,, I   want to take a test for the driver’s license.† But, she did not understand what I said. She repeatedly said â€Å"Excuse me, what? What?† I was losing my confidence. Americans would never understand, how scary it is for a foreigner when they say ‘What?’ in a condescending if not antagonizing way. Any way, when she finally understood me, I showed her my documents, including my   passport, I-20 and the letter that my teacher wrote. The blunt old white lady said to me. ‘No, you can not take a test because you do not have social security number.’ I politely explained to her that I could not understand because international students can not get social security number, and some of my friends took test just a day before, but she said ‘why are you talking about your friends? I do not care about them. The problem is that you do not have social security number.’ I felt that she was annoyed and did not want to listen to my poor English. So, finally I asked her to read the letter. However, she did not read it and said ‘Sac State is not my government.’ I was speechless with amazement, and I could not accept what she said. When I tried to say something, she said ‘why are you still here? If you can not follow American law, go back to your country.’ She was really rude. And the experience was   so frustrating for me. That was the day I realized that this place is not the ‘Dream Land’ I thought it to be. The angel has turned into a scary antagonizing monster, whom I hate. As I walked to the bus stop I could not stop my tears from falling and soon I was crying so hard. It was a very painful experience for me. I was so humiliated by the way the rude white lady who does not know what is legal. I hated her. I hated myself for not being able to express my thoughts in English. And I hated this ‘Dream land’ where they do not give social security number to international students, and want to us pay ten times expensive tuition fee than that paid by their citizens. That was the day I understood what racism means. I am an Asian who could not speak English well, so the white lady did not listen to me. I thought to myself, this not ‘Dream land’ after all, the old lady at the DMV made me realize just that and she did it in a really painful manner. I went to the mall to meet my friend and tell this story because if I did not tell this story that day, I think I would have died.   We sat at the food court, and spoke in Korean. I felt so relieved that I could speak in my mother tongue and be understood by my friend. Suddenly, an old white man came to us. He asked us, ‘What language are you guys talking with?’ We said, ‘Korean’. We thought he was interested in listening to another language. However, it was another illusion. He explained that we have to speak only in English in the ‘Dream land.’ We were so offended by what he said but what offended us more and made us very angry were his last words to us. He said ‘Go to the restroom and wash your mouths.’ I could not believe he was insulting us because we did not speak in English. From that day, ‘Dream land’ is not dream land to me any more. And I realize how wrong I was to think that this is ‘Dream Land†. There is no dream land and no angels. It was really a sad experience for me to be treated unfairly because of my race and poor English. From then on, I studied English very hard until I could speak very well. Nowadays, when I see people who can not speak English well at the mall or on the road, I try my best to help them and I am always careful not to say anything that would ruin their confidence because I do not want to break their dreams like the old white lady did to me. If they still think this is ‘Dream Land’ I do not want to ruin it for them.      

An Online Degree for the Older Population Essay Example

An Online Degree for the Older Population Essay Example An Online Degree for the Older Population Essay An Online Degree for the Older Population Essay Online Degree We are living longer lives; modern medicine and our ability to care for ourselves more appropriately has extended our life spans so that we often have years ahead of us following retirement – a time that we can use to travel, spend time with loved ones, and follow those dreams that may have eluded us during the time in which we had a career and raised a family. One of the dreams that many people may have had to forgo – especially women of the older generation – is that of a college education. But now, with technology being what it is, people of all generations are able to live the dream again and earn an online degree. The Internet has insured that no longer is it necessary to drive to a campus in order to attend college classes. Instead, those who are able to find their way around a computer are able to sign up for the classes that they need to earn an online degree. By attending classes online, students are able to do their reading, complete their assignments, and turn in the work necessary to earn them credits toward a degree, including an online MBA if they so choose. For the older generation, the pursuit of an online degree means that they can achieve their dreams without forfeiting their time with their families, and without having to find their way around a college campus with students less than half their age. Rather, by taking advantage of the tools available to them, online degree candidates can make the most of their time.

Charity Contribution Tax Deductions for Individuals Research Paper

Charity Contribution Tax Deductions for Individuals - Research Paper Example IRS, organizations that legally qualify to receive charitable contributions that tax system would allow as deductions includes registered churches and government organizations. However, the IRS accepts application for organizations who would wish to qualify as charitable after they apply and legally get an approval letter. Otherwise, the IRS would reject deductions for any charitable contributions submitted to the aforementioned organizations. It is imperative to understand that IRS would only accept charitable contributions that taxpayers have submitted to qualified organizations. Therefore, IRS would not deduct charitable contributions made to political organizations, political candidates, and individuals. Apparently, taxpayers who donate property instead of cash to legally qualified organizations have the right to claim tax deductions on their taxable income based on fair market value. Fair market value relates to the inherent price that a property would remain in transaction between a willing seller and buyer (Rosen 230). Normally, IRS rejects individuals deductions for charitable contributions relating to property donations mainly because the latter’ claims don not conform to the fair market value. It is important for taxpayers to determine appropriately the fair market value for property donated before claiming charitable deductions. Otherwise, IRS would reject application for deductions related to property donations in cases where taxpayers do not inclusively calculate the current fair market price of the donations. Majority of court cases involving IRS denying deduction of charitable contributions on taxpayer’s taxable income involves poor timing by the latter. According to IRS, taxpayers who wish to have their charitable contributions deducted on taxable income must submit the documentations and legal requirements detailing the contributions before close of tax year. Timing contribution before close of an individual’s tax year is imperative in

Analyze the main reasons why companies decide to internationalize Assignment

Analyze the main reasons why companies decide to internationalize their activities - Assignment Example With the rush to globalize corporations on the increase, it is of great importance that the reasons behind this internationalization be analyzed. In the work of Rugman (2003), it is evident that corporations internationalize their businesses so as to remain competitive and relevant in the market. This form of networking is evident in the case of Chabros International Group that internationalized its markets so as to stay relevant in the tough economic times of the time (Farah, 2010). Additionally firms internationalize so as to fit in the current global economy (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2007). Relationships between varying firms are considered as networks that require co-existence and relationship between the varying complexes. For instance, the manufacturing industries have to create close links with production, distribution as well as service provision. In this case, internationalization is inevitable if a firm has to remain in the market. Mathis, Rogmans & Albqami (2011) say that there are many risks in the market including the political risk. With the financial and political risks on the rise, notable the global crisis of 2007, and unrests in Middle East and North Africa respectively, Mathis, Rogmans & Albqami (2011) indicate that there was need to change the macroeconomic policies in UAE and Saudi Arabia to reduce the impacts of global crisis on the economy. In this instance, there is need for internalization of the management base of the investors in multinational companies so as to reduce the liability of foreign investors, and the need to incorporate local partners in their corporations. Cavusgil, Ghauri & Sinkovics (2009) argue that corporations face stiff competition in the domestic market. Internalization for their markets gives them a chance to devise policies that will keep them running in such touch economic conditions. Through setting market policies, corporations are able to react to unforeseen threats from their foreign competitors, and as a

Chinese Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinese Journalism - Essay Example In the earlier days, printed media forms were generally used for publishing journals however based on the current trend of technological upliftment, the publishing style in the current days has shifted towards the implication of digital media. For instance, in the present days, almost every type of journal articles can be found on the World Wide Web (WWW). Apart from these, the concept of professionalism finds significant level of importance when it comes to safeguarding the integrity of the journalist. As a matter of fact, any individual can post or write about anything. However, the level of attention which that online written content will attain mainly depends on its writing quality and the quantity of justifiable facts which have been included into it. The objective of this report will be to understand the factors which have resulted in the lack of professionalization within Chinese journalism on the basis of aspects which include Political Neutrality, Objectivity and Autonomy. The comparisons will be made in context to that of the North American ideals. The foremost part of the discussion will comprise facts that will reflect the trend of Chinese journalism. The present topic describes that the journalism trend followed in China is highly unprofessional in comparison to that of the North American journalism ideals. As projected by Zhaoc, Chinese journalism is acquainted of being instrumentalized and regulated by bureaucracy and the political pressure. In simple words, the concept of independence within work appears to be less preferred within China (143-174). Besides, multiple instances seemed to have occurred where the concept of paid journalism has been put to practise for reasons such as data enclosement or negative reviewing of multiple business processes. For instance, according to the legal obligation mentioned in the ‘Article 35’ of Chinese Constitution, every individual within this nation has the

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International Production and Trade - Essay Example As a result of this shift, the United States and much of Western Europe aligned itself with a free market capitalist system whereas the Soviet Union and many parts of the remainder of the world aligned themselves with socialist communism. As a result of this bipolar powershift, the capitalist nations throughout the world realize that one of the only ways to ensure that wealth generation and sustained growth could proliferate was by engaging in a system of capitalism that prized reductions in trade barriers and liberalize nations in trade. The authors further specify the fact that this desire to reduce trade barriers and liberalize trade was ultimately the impetus which helps to give rise to such global entities as GATT, WTO, and the World Bank. Yet rather than each and every nation throughout the world integrating their economies and seeking to provide goods and services with little to no trade barriers, a somewhat different dynamic has been realized. As such, the difference between theory and practice is denoted by the authors with respect to the way in which different trade blocs and trade alliances have developed between the regions and entities throughout the globe. As such, whereas the world might have been previously defined based upon religion and/or ideology, nationality, ethnicity, or any other litany of different qualifiers, the modern world has largely been defined with regards to which nations agreed to a level of unimpeded trade. What this has ultimately affected is a situation through which the world has come to be redefined based upon trade and not based upon many of the other qualifications that had previously constrained and defined the way in which nations have interacted historically. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this particular trend has only been increasing as more and more nations throughout the globe seek to develop their own trade blocs and alliances in something of a macro form of protectionism. Evidence of this can of course be seen with regards to the way in which the EU, NAFTA, and ASEAN treaties now exists which helped to promote trans regional trade and block the advances of true international liberalism that might otherwise helped to differentiate and grow these respective economies. As a result of this particular approach, the authors discuss the way in which this dynamic shift has encouraged specialization with regards to different industries and regions/economies. Moreover, as well has been generated and regions of the world have come to supply the raw material for finished goods and services in other parts of the world, the authors note the fact that many individuals view this as something of a neo-mercantilist system. Although this is not quite the case, the comparisons are nonetheless existence and should not be dismissed out of hand. As the more wealthy nations, represented by powerful trade alliances and blocs are able to outsource their unskilled labor and raw material extraction to poore r nations, the benefits of these inputs are realized on both entities. Whereas the neo-mercantilist would point to the fact that these nations are being taken advantage

Development of Sustainable LED Lighting for Offices

Development of Sustainable LED Lighting for Offices CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1: Study Background Climate change is rapidly increasing in our environment due to an increase in gases such as carbon dioxide and methane produced by humans and animals in the Earths atmosphere. As humans we have a moral responsibility to control and save the environment. The built environment is one of the major impacts towards greenhouse gas emissions. Designers are now pressured to design sustainable buildings that have less impact on emissions that damage the environment. The term sustainability means to save natural resources for future generations. Many buildings indirectly use resources such as fossil fuels which are converted into energy. Lighting systems in buildings consume some of this energy. Lighting accounts for around 15% of the energy bill in most homes, and around 25% in commercial buildings. It is supplied by electrical power plants using fossil fuels, and is responsible for a significant percentage of carbon dioxide emissions (Marshall 2009) To help combat how we as consumers use electric lighting an alternative can be achieved via sustainable lighting. Sustainable lighting can be defined as, Lighting that meets the qualitative needs of the visual environment with the least impact on the physical environment. (Service Lamp Corp. 2001) Light is an electromagnetic radiation, which means it is partially electric, magnetic and radiates.   Light starts off from atoms (electrons that orbit the nucleus). When energy is absorbed by an atom the electrons shift up to a bigger orbit. When the atom loses the energy the electrons shift back down to the original orbit, while the electrons shift back down they emit light in the form of electromagnetic radiation. (Sarlina 2009) This document will review material on lighting systems in the office environment. The document will start with a brief history of the light bulb and then go on to how humans interpret light. The document will discuss how LED technology would be utilised more in offices and discuss the importance of migrating to LED lighting systems in offices for a more sustainable environment. The thesis will include three known case studies on LED lighting installed in offices to gather and compare data in order to evaluate how LED lighting would suffice in real life environments. 1.2: Brief History The history of modern lighting starts off with the invention of the arc light in 1810 by Humphrey Davy. This worked by connecting a battery to a strip of charcoal using two wires. The strip of charcoal was charge with electricity and glowed. (Jacks 2003) In 1820 Warren De La Rue used a piece of platinum placed inside a tube.   A current was passed through the tube and the platinum lit well but the bulb did not go into production because platinum was very expensive. (Jacks 2003) A chemist and physicist Joseph Wilson Swan produced a workable electric light in 1860 which he patented as an incandescent light bulb with a filament made from carbonised paper within a partial vacuum. J. W. Swan improved on the invention in 1875 he changed the filament to a compressed and carbonised fibrous cotton thread filament. (Jacks 2003) An inventor called Thomas Alva Edison bought Josephs Swans patent from a company who owned the patent.   Thomas Edison worked on the light bulb to increase the life span. In 1880 Thomas Edison invented his Bamboo fibre filament lamp which lasted for 1200-1500 hours. (Jacks 2003) In 1903 Willis Whitnew invented the tungsten filament lamp (commonly used today). The tungsten lamp had a carbon filament with a metal-coating. This stopped the problem with the bulb turning dark as Thomas Edisons bulb did. (Jacks 2003) Technology today has advanced to new methods of lighting. Light emitting diode (LED) technology is now at the centre point of attention as LED lighting has many advantages with being very energy efficient, long lasting and produces less heat compared to standard incandescent or halogen bulbs. 1.3: Dissertation Structure The dissertation is divided into a sequel of five chapters. The first chapter focuses on climate change and the need to for a more sustainable built environment, a brief history into the light bulb, aims and objectives of this dissertation and the logic behind the dissertation. Chapter two is a detailed literature review which focuses on the effects of lighting on building occupants followed by government legislation, then comparing different types of lighting and leading onto research on LED technology. The information gathered is sourced from websites, government documents, books and scientific journals. Chapter three follows on from the literature review. This chapter focuses on the structure for the dissertation; firstly explaining the reason for using a literature review and then drawing on three major case studies have been chosen and all cases deal with LED lighting systems within office spaces. From the case studies the author has analysed and interpreted information.   The primary data gathered will be in the form of a qualitative questionnaire sent to lighting experts (via email) who have been involved with the case studies. The Answers have been analysed and compared to get a wide knowledge from accredited professional opinions. The fourth chapter researches into the three chosen case studies, all case studies are analysed and compared to give an overview of how effective having an LED lighting system is in an office environment. The fifth chapter discusses the results gathered from the findings. This would give an overview to the dissertation and show the key findings into answering the key questions. The final chapter will draw up conclusions as to the impact of LED lighting in office environments. The chapter addresses the original research question in the context of the findings and provides final conclusions on LED lighting and making use appropriate references where necessary. 1.4: Aim and Objectives The author has chosen sustainable LED lighting as the subject area in this dissertation. The question the author would like to propose will be: Why arent there enough office buildings using LED lighting systems? Also what effects do LED lighting have on users working in an office environment; would LEDs be beneficial for health and comfort on a psychological basis? To address the question the author will explore this main aim: The aim of this study is to research into the sustainability of LED lighting systems and how lighting can affect building users within an office environment. The author will aim analyse case studies on LED lighting systems in offices. What are the advantages and disadvantages? How would an LED lighting system be best suited for the office environment in terms of efficiency, comfort, reliability and short long term costs? The author will interview people from case studies drawn to gather primary qualitative information to reach a final conclusion. The actions the author will take to help answer the research question are listed below: Literature review, take into account of the building regulations, effects of artificial lighting on building occupants, types of artificial lighting and researching into books, case studies, reports, journals and websites related to LED lighting and other sustainable lighting systems. Research case studies on LED lighting systems that have been installed in offices. This would give the author an insight on how LED lighting systems have been successful in a real life environment. Interview researchers from case studies. Ask questions about how LEDs are designed to fit in a working office environment. Any issues that have occurred within the buildings. 1.5: Hypothesis In the United Kingdom there are very few offices if any that use an LED lighting systems to light up an office space. This could be due to lack of awareness, economic climate, social environment and lack of technology available to solve prob lematic conditions. 1.6: Key questions 1. How does light effect building users in terms of health? 2. How would LED lighting benefit offices and the environment? 3. Why isnt there many offices using LED lighting systems? 4. What is the current market like for LED lighting? Would there be a future for more LED lighting in offices? CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1: Introduction This chapter researches into the effects of lighting on buildings occupants, legislation, different types of lighting and LED technology in detail. The aim for this literature review is to obtain information on how light is transcribed in the circadian system and the effects of light on human health. Legislation is a key issue for lighting. it regulate on the amount of light required for the appropriate tasks usually attained in different buildings, by learning legislation it would give the author an understanding into what requirements an office would need for good lighting. All information collated are from secondary and tertiary sources; for this literature review the information is found in books, journals, web pages, and government documents. 2.2: Effects of lighting on building occupants Lighting affects all building occupants on the way they perform tasks. There are different levels of lighting in different environment; the colour of light used in offices would tend to have a blue-white colour to promote concentration and light used in public areas would be a warmer yellow colour so building occupants would feel more relaxed in this type of environment. Too much light can cause health problems such as increased stress levels, headaches and higher blood pressure to the building occupant. (H.E.S.E, 2009) (Boyce, 2003 pp. 160) stated that Most apparently visual tasks have three components; visual, cognitive, and motor. Every task is unique in its balance between these components and hence in the effect lighting conditions have on task performance. (Boyce, 2003 pp. 160) also stated that Lighting conditions can affect task performance throught three systems, the visual system, the circadian system, and the perceptual system. the impact   of lighting conditions on the visual system and hence on visual performance is determined by the size, luminance contrast, and colour difference of the task and the amount, spectrum, distrbution of the lighting. The point that   (Boyce, 2003) makes is that light sent to the visual system affects the performance of the information relayed in the brain.   (Cuttle, 2008 pp. 5-6) stated The optical system of the human eye focuses an inverted image onto the retina, shown in Figure 1. This image is constantly changing with movements of the head and the scanning movements of the eyes. It is often said that the eye is like a camera, but the only similarity is that it forms a focused image in which, for every pixel, there is a corresponding element in the luminous environment. The distribution of luminance and colour that comprises the retinal image is modified by light losses that occur in the optical media of the eye, and these losses are not constant as they increase significantly with age. (Cuttle, 2008) Both books express points about how light is interpreted in the human brain differently but they both correlate how light can affect a building occupant. They both state how light is interpreted in the visual system. A research journal on Light Much More Than Vision written by Mark. S. Rea (Ph.D.) Discuses how lighting can affect the circadian system in building occupants. The journal questions if offices, school and homes are providing good lighting practises. The journal begins with an abstract on the impact of light on the circadian system The amount of light, its spectral composition, spatial distribution, timing and duration needed for vision is so different from that needed for circadian functioning, that generalizations about good lighting will have to be assessed by two very different sets of criteria in the future. (Mark. S. Rea, 2007) The journal continues on how light is interpreted in the human circadian system Light is presently and formally defined as optical radiation entering the eye that provides visual sensation. An international system of photometry has been developed and institutionalized to quantify, measure and communicate the properties of light as it affects the human vision. (Mark. S. Rea, 2007) This statement explains how light is communicated in human vision.   Practical sources of light allow humans to read material, move around spaces, drive cars, create social interaction between other users and allow user to do other activities. Under spatial distribution the journal states Through optical refraction by the cornea and lens in the eye and by neural-optical enhancements by in the retina, the spatial distribution of objects and textures in the environment can be processed by the visual system. Arguably accurate rendering of the spatial distribution of light in our environment by our retina is essential to our survival because   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   patterns of light and dark provide information needed by the visual system (Mark. S. Rea, 2007) The journal concludes with So, Are we providing healthy light in our offices, schools and homes? Probably the answer is No, we are not. Certainly we are not providing or specifiying the ideal lighting technologies and applications for the circadian regluation (Mark. S. Rea, 2007). This would bring on the question as to wether LED lighting would provide the answer to good lighting. LED has been evolving for years, they have been specifically modified to provide comfortable lighting levels for which a user could carry out certain visual functions. 2.3: Legislation The Kyoto agreement is a protocol made by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change. This main aim of the protocol is to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions. There are four greenhouse gases that the protocol focuses on (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, sulphur hexafluoride). The United Kingdom Government is legally tied to the Kyoto agreement and has set out targets to meet emission rates. A document on The Kyoto Protocol by British-Energy states The UKs commitment under the protocol is for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 12.5% from 1990 levels by 2008-2012. This implies an 8% reduction in CO2 emissions over this time period. The UK government also has an aspirational target for itself of a 20% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2010, demonstrating the importance of this issue for the current government.(British Energy, 2009) Offices contribute towards the CO2 emissions given off around the planet. A lot of the energy used in offices is mainly caused by office lighting. The new advancements in LED lighting could reduce the amount of energy used because LED lighting is the most sustainable type of artificial lighting. This could help aid the efforts of the Kyoto Protocol and help meets emission targets. Approved Documents Part L of the building regulations is split up into four documents. Part L1A and L1B focuses on conservation of fuel and power in domestic buildings, part L2A and L2B focuses on conservation of fuel and power in non domestic buildings. As of 6th April 2006 the revised Building Regulations Part L Conservation of Fuel and Power came into effect. The updated regulations would improve energy standards by 40 percent from that of the 2002 Building Regulations (ODPM, 2006). There are four approved documents published by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM, 2006): Approved Document L1A: Conservation of fuel and power (New dwellings) (2006 edition) Approved Document L1B: Conservation of fuel and power (Existing dwellings) (2006 edition) Approved Document L2A: Conservation of fuel and power (New buildings other than dwellings) (2006 edition) Approved Document L2B: Conservation of fuel and power (Existing buildings other than dwellings) (2006 edition) L1 Domestic buildings Conservation of fuel and power in dwellings. Limiting heat loss through fabric of dwelling from hot water pipes used for space heating. Limiting heat loss through hot water vessels and service pipes. Use control systems on space heating and hot water systems so that energy can be used efficiently. Use control systems on lighting systems so that energy can be used efficiently. L2 Buildings other than dwellings Conservation of fuel and power in non domestic buildings. Limiting heat loss through fabric of dwelling from hot water pipes used for space heating. Limiting heat loss through hot water vessels and service pipes. Use control systems on space heating and hot water systems so that energy can be used efficiently. Providing lighting systems with sufficient controls so that energy can be used efficiently. Limiting exposure to solar heat gains. Use control systems on air conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems so that energy can be used efficiently. Commissioning the building engineering services so that they make efficient use of energy and recording their performance. Approved Document L2A: Conservation of fuel and power highlights what is required for lighting efficiency in offices, industrial and storage areas in all building types. The document states For the purposes of this Approved Document, office areas include those spaces that involve predominantly desk-based tasks, including classrooms, seminar rooms and conference rooms, including those in schools. Reasonable provision would be to provide lighting with an average initial efficiency of not less than 45 luminaire-lumens/circuit-Watt as averaged over the whole area of these types of space in the building. (ODPM, 2006 pp. 19) LED lighting has the potential to excel past the average guide for initial efficiency of 45 lumens per watt. A breakthrough from the lighting company CREE states LED efficacy test results that set a new benchmark for the LED industry. Cree reported results of 131 lumens per watt white LED efficacy, confirmed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Tests were performed using prototype white LEDs with Cree EZBrightâ„ ¢ LED chips. (CREE Inc, 2009) The CIBSE Lighting Guide 7: Office Lighting gives a guidance of how to layout lighting systems within an office to give the maximum efficiency of lighting and how much light is required for different types of office spaces. The guide states There are many ways to light an office space: with direct light down from above, from indirect light bounced from the ceiling, or from a combination of both. Many factors will dictate or influence the choice of which technique to use.   (Ruffles, 2005 pp. 7) There are many different building types and each office would need a lighting system that is individually specified. There are different types of lighting systems that give off different light intensities. The lighting guide states that a typical office space would need 500 lux (illuminance) for building users to take on paper-based or mixed tasks comfortably and 300 lux for any screen-based work. (Ruffles, 2005) Figure 2 shows the required amounts of light need for building user to work within different types of offices spaces, taken from the office lighting guide. The figures suggest that each typical office space would need 300 lux for screen based tasks, normal meetings and reception administrative tasks and 500 lux for more intense tasks such as paper-based, reading documents and writing. In a more deep-plan area the office space is required to have 500-750 lux throughout to perform multiple tasks comfortably. This is due to the fact that deep-plan areas are more towards the middle of office spaces or more than six meters away from windows; they would require a more constant flow of artificial light. This is where LED lighting may be at best because of the amount of electricity LED lighting systems take are very minimal and could deliver the required amount of light depending and the type of fixture. In normal deep-plan areas artificial lighting systems are on for longer periods because natural lighting coming in from windows would not penetrate throughout the office spaces. The corporation Philips suggests that a higher powered LED light would deliver up to 220 lumens. This type of LED would typically consume four watts. A typical deep-plan office space would require three high powered LED lights to deliver a comfortable amount of light for a user to perform various tasks, which would still consume less electricity compared to other office lighting systems. 2.4: Types of lighting There are many types of lamps that are currently used in different environments. These lamps include the incandescent lamp, compact fluorescent lamp, fluorescent lamp, halogen lamp, metal halide lamp and light emitting diodes. Incandescent lamps An incandescent lamp is a glass (See figure 3) bulb containing a thin filament. A current is passed through the filament, which heats up the filament until light is produced. (Philips, 2000 pp.49-50) stated The earliest filament lamps as developed by Swan in the United Kingdom and Edison in the United States had a short life of only 150 hours and a low efficiency of 2.5 lumens per watt, but they were thought of as a magic light source to replace gaslight. Filament lamps were clean, had greater flexibility, better colour and, with the development of available sources of power, better long-term economics. Now, a century later, the light bulb is still the preferred lamp for domestic use due to its cheap cost. Phillips (2000) continues to state that The life of a filament lamp depends upon its light output, with a greater output giving a shorter life. A life of 1000 hours with a light output of 12/14 lumens per watt was established as being a reasonable compromise and one which has stood the test of time. (Bean, 2007 pp. 139) explains that a compact fluorescent lamp is the introduction of smaller diameter tubes using high efficiency triphosphors bought with it the posibility of folding the tubes to produce compact single ended lamps. A 12W compact fluorescent lamp gives the same output as a 60W tungsten GLS lamp. Fluorescent Lamps (Fielder, 2005 pp. 28) states that Fluorescent lamps are built using a tubular glass envelope coated on the inside with a mix of phosphors. Inert Gas and a small amount of mercury is introduced into the tube to provide the atoms for photoluminescence. the tube is slightly pressurized, and the ends of the tube are capped with electrodes, which contain a cathode to generate and arc. Fluorescent lamps are 8 times more efficient than incandescent lamps and have a long life span, but fluorescent lamps contain mercury shown in figure 5. Mercury in lamps is harmful for the environment if not disposed of appropriately. Halogen Lamps The Interior Lighting for Designers book articulates that The tungsten-halogen   (or halogen)   lamp is an incandescent lamp with a selected gas of the halogen family sealed into it. As the lamp burns, the halogen gas combines with tungsten molecules that sputter off the filament and deposits the tungsten back on the filament   (Gordon, 2003 pp. 73). Figure 6 below shows an example of what a typical halogen lamp looks like. Metal Halide Lamps Metal halide lamps produce white light of a good colour quality and are available in many sizes, from compact lamps that can be used in track lighting and table lamps to huge lamps for lighting stadiums. Standard metal halide lamps tend to have a colour temperature of 3700 to 4100K and appear cool and slightly greenish. Their CRI is 65 to 70. Standard metal halide lamps typically are used where colour is not critical, such as sports arenas, parking lots, landscape lighting, and building floodlighting. (Benya, 2004 pp. 9-10) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) An LED is a semiconductor device that emits light when a voltage is surged through the semiconductor.   LED solid-state lighting is becoming more in use because of the energy saving benefits and long term costs. The main types of light bulbs used in offices are fluorescent lamps, incandescent tungsten filament (halogen lamps) and metal halide lamps. Fluorescent lamps are the main types of light sources used in offing lighting; the table states that the fluorescent tubes has a lamp efficiency of 32-86 Lm/W (Lumens per watt) this has a higher efficiency compared to incandescent tungsten filament lamp which have an efficiency of 7-14 Lm/W. Also fluorescent lamps can last more than ten times longer than incandescent tungsten filament lamps, but the tungsten filament lamps has a colour rendering index of 99 which means that the light intensity is much higher and would provide light that is closer to natural daylight compared to fluorescent lamps. Tungsten lamps are mainly used for executive offices to give an office a more professional looking environment. Metal halide lamps are used for desk lamp for more detailed important task where more light may be required for analytical reading and writing /complex drawing tasks. 2.5: LED technology LED technology is a fast growing lamp replacement solution in the lighting industry. LEDs contain semiconductors which are atoms of arsenic, phosphorus, germanium or other elements found in the periodic table. When electricity passes through the semiconductor visible light is emitted. Placing a number of LEDS side by side increases the increases the strength of the brightness. LED lights are also dimmable so the user could control the light intensity in a given area. The advantages of using LEDS are that they have a 50,000 to 100,000 hour life span, they consume very little electricity, they instantly light up, LED lights do not emit UV rays, they are durable to   vibrations they do not contain any mercury and LED emits light from any part of the light spectrum. The disadvantages of using LED lighting are that light is distributed directly instead of evenly compared to incandescent and fluorescent bulbs; it is very expensive to buy LED lights, they could cause light pollution in an environment because LEDs produce a lot of white light and LEDs are sensitive to heat. LED lighting is still currently being researched today to find out better methods to utilise the light from LEDs. An article from The Independent newspaper states The Indian government hopes to remedy this situation, which affects 112,000 rural villages across the country, over the next decade. The solution is a combination of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar power. The former are more efficient than light bulbs the power required to light one conventional 100W bulb can now light an entire village and the latter allows electricity to be stored in batteries and provides lighting where there is no grid supply. Both LEDs and solar panels can also take the rough and tumble of village life: having few moving parts, they are very durable. (Independent, 2006) It is evident to see from this statement that the progress of utilising light from LEDs is positive; however this is not something that can be generalised to a greater population at this current time due to economics. A journal published from the Philips Research Centre shows an experiment on LED light sources and modelling for practical control systems for LEDs. (Subramanian Muthu, 2002) states The recent improvements in high-power light emitting diodes (LED) technology with 100+ lumens per LED chip and efficacy exceeding that of incandescent lamps brings the solid-state lighting close to a reality. An LED light source made of Red, Green and Blue (RGB) LEDs can provide a compact light source with unique features such as instant colour variability. In this paper, we highlight the issues that introduce the variability in the colour point and present feedback control schemes to overcome these problems. (Subramanian Muthu, 2002) The journal concluded with: RGB-LEDs have enormous potential in lighting applications. The major issue to be resolved is control and maintenance of the white point. This issue arises from the variation in LED wavelength and lumen output with temperature, drive current and time. Further complications arise due to the wide spread in the performance parameters of nominally identical LEDs. In this paper we have presented solutions to these issues using electronic feedback control of the light output of the LEDs. (Subramanian Muthu, 2002) A journal on Fundamental Analysis for Visible-Light Communication System Using LED Lights states LED is more advantageous than the existing incandescent in terms of life expectancy, high tolerance to humidity, low power consumption, and minimal heat generation lighting Our group has proposed and optical wireless communication system that employs white LEDs for indoors wireless networks (8)-(11). (Nakagawa, 2004) The journal concludes In visible-light communication system, the LED lights are distributed within a room and the irradiance of light is wide for function of lighting equipment. Therefore, the intersymbol interference depended on the data rate and the FOW of receiver.   (Nakagawa, 2004) A technical report on Energy Savings Estimates of Light Emitting Diodes in Niche Lighting Applications from the U.S. Department of energy focuses on the energy performance of LED lighting systems within different sectors such as, residential lighting, traffic lighting, retail lighting and office under shelf lighting. the document states that A type of task lighting, LED office undershelf lighting systems have been introduced on the market as replacements for T12 and T8 fluorescent products used in the commercial offices. LED office undershelf lights have the potential to save 1.37 TWh/yr if the entire market shifted to 2007 LED technology, equal to 14.8 TBtu/yr of primary energy consumption. This amounts to about 20% of the annual consumption of one large (1000 MW) electric power plant or the annual electricity consumption of one hundred thousand U.S. households.(U.S. Department of Energy, 2008 pp. 50) The report also states that fluorescent lamps, T8s, and T12s are the types of lamps that are commonly used in an office environment. These fluorescent lighting systems have a fixture efficiency of less than 40%.   This follows on to the average number of hours artificial lights operate for. Office undershelf lighting systems operate for an average of 2000 hours per year, amounting to about 5.5 hours per day or 8 hours per work day. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2008 pp. 51) This would bring on maintenance costs for the building owner due to bulb replacements. The life span of LED lighting systems is far greater than fluorescent lamps, which in turn would reduce regular maintenance. The annual energy comsuption for 53 million office undershelf lighting systems consume 3.43 TWh/yr of electricity in the U.S. At the moment LED lighting systems are still new to the market and have not penetrated the market enough to calculate the actual energy savings; however LED lighting systems have the potential to save 1.37 TWh/yr of electricity if LED lights completely replaced fluorescent lighting systems. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2008 pp. 52) (DiLouie, 2006) Points that LEDs are solid state devices that produce light by passing a current through semiconductor chips which are housed in a reflector, which is Development of Sustainable LED Lighting for Offices Development of Sustainable LED Lighting for Offices CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1: Study Background Climate change is rapidly increasing in our environment due to an increase in gases such as carbon dioxide and methane produced by humans and animals in the Earths atmosphere. As humans we have a moral responsibility to control and save the environment. The built environment is one of the major impacts towards greenhouse gas emissions. Designers are now pressured to design sustainable buildings that have less impact on emissions that damage the environment. The term sustainability means to save natural resources for future generations. Many buildings indirectly use resources such as fossil fuels which are converted into energy. Lighting systems in buildings consume some of this energy. Lighting accounts for around 15% of the energy bill in most homes, and around 25% in commercial buildings. It is supplied by electrical power plants using fossil fuels, and is responsible for a significant percentage of carbon dioxide emissions (Marshall 2009) To help combat how we as consumers use electric lighting an alternative can be achieved via sustainable lighting. Sustainable lighting can be defined as, Lighting that meets the qualitative needs of the visual environment with the least impact on the physical environment. (Service Lamp Corp. 2001) Light is an electromagnetic radiation, which means it is partially electric, magnetic and radiates.   Light starts off from atoms (electrons that orbit the nucleus). When energy is absorbed by an atom the electrons shift up to a bigger orbit. When the atom loses the energy the electrons shift back down to the original orbit, while the electrons shift back down they emit light in the form of electromagnetic radiation. (Sarlina 2009) This document will review material on lighting systems in the office environment. The document will start with a brief history of the light bulb and then go on to how humans interpret light. The document will discuss how LED technology would be utilised more in offices and discuss the importance of migrating to LED lighting systems in offices for a more sustainable environment. The thesis will include three known case studies on LED lighting installed in offices to gather and compare data in order to evaluate how LED lighting would suffice in real life environments. 1.2: Brief History The history of modern lighting starts off with the invention of the arc light in 1810 by Humphrey Davy. This worked by connecting a battery to a strip of charcoal using two wires. The strip of charcoal was charge with electricity and glowed. (Jacks 2003) In 1820 Warren De La Rue used a piece of platinum placed inside a tube.   A current was passed through the tube and the platinum lit well but the bulb did not go into production because platinum was very expensive. (Jacks 2003) A chemist and physicist Joseph Wilson Swan produced a workable electric light in 1860 which he patented as an incandescent light bulb with a filament made from carbonised paper within a partial vacuum. J. W. Swan improved on the invention in 1875 he changed the filament to a compressed and carbonised fibrous cotton thread filament. (Jacks 2003) An inventor called Thomas Alva Edison bought Josephs Swans patent from a company who owned the patent.   Thomas Edison worked on the light bulb to increase the life span. In 1880 Thomas Edison invented his Bamboo fibre filament lamp which lasted for 1200-1500 hours. (Jacks 2003) In 1903 Willis Whitnew invented the tungsten filament lamp (commonly used today). The tungsten lamp had a carbon filament with a metal-coating. This stopped the problem with the bulb turning dark as Thomas Edisons bulb did. (Jacks 2003) Technology today has advanced to new methods of lighting. Light emitting diode (LED) technology is now at the centre point of attention as LED lighting has many advantages with being very energy efficient, long lasting and produces less heat compared to standard incandescent or halogen bulbs. 1.3: Dissertation Structure The dissertation is divided into a sequel of five chapters. The first chapter focuses on climate change and the need to for a more sustainable built environment, a brief history into the light bulb, aims and objectives of this dissertation and the logic behind the dissertation. Chapter two is a detailed literature review which focuses on the effects of lighting on building occupants followed by government legislation, then comparing different types of lighting and leading onto research on LED technology. The information gathered is sourced from websites, government documents, books and scientific journals. Chapter three follows on from the literature review. This chapter focuses on the structure for the dissertation; firstly explaining the reason for using a literature review and then drawing on three major case studies have been chosen and all cases deal with LED lighting systems within office spaces. From the case studies the author has analysed and interpreted information.   The primary data gathered will be in the form of a qualitative questionnaire sent to lighting experts (via email) who have been involved with the case studies. The Answers have been analysed and compared to get a wide knowledge from accredited professional opinions. The fourth chapter researches into the three chosen case studies, all case studies are analysed and compared to give an overview of how effective having an LED lighting system is in an office environment. The fifth chapter discusses the results gathered from the findings. This would give an overview to the dissertation and show the key findings into answering the key questions. The final chapter will draw up conclusions as to the impact of LED lighting in office environments. The chapter addresses the original research question in the context of the findings and provides final conclusions on LED lighting and making use appropriate references where necessary. 1.4: Aim and Objectives The author has chosen sustainable LED lighting as the subject area in this dissertation. The question the author would like to propose will be: Why arent there enough office buildings using LED lighting systems? Also what effects do LED lighting have on users working in an office environment; would LEDs be beneficial for health and comfort on a psychological basis? To address the question the author will explore this main aim: The aim of this study is to research into the sustainability of LED lighting systems and how lighting can affect building users within an office environment. The author will aim analyse case studies on LED lighting systems in offices. What are the advantages and disadvantages? How would an LED lighting system be best suited for the office environment in terms of efficiency, comfort, reliability and short long term costs? The author will interview people from case studies drawn to gather primary qualitative information to reach a final conclusion. The actions the author will take to help answer the research question are listed below: Literature review, take into account of the building regulations, effects of artificial lighting on building occupants, types of artificial lighting and researching into books, case studies, reports, journals and websites related to LED lighting and other sustainable lighting systems. Research case studies on LED lighting systems that have been installed in offices. This would give the author an insight on how LED lighting systems have been successful in a real life environment. Interview researchers from case studies. Ask questions about how LEDs are designed to fit in a working office environment. Any issues that have occurred within the buildings. 1.5: Hypothesis In the United Kingdom there are very few offices if any that use an LED lighting systems to light up an office space. This could be due to lack of awareness, economic climate, social environment and lack of technology available to solve prob lematic conditions. 1.6: Key questions 1. How does light effect building users in terms of health? 2. How would LED lighting benefit offices and the environment? 3. Why isnt there many offices using LED lighting systems? 4. What is the current market like for LED lighting? Would there be a future for more LED lighting in offices? CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1: Introduction This chapter researches into the effects of lighting on buildings occupants, legislation, different types of lighting and LED technology in detail. The aim for this literature review is to obtain information on how light is transcribed in the circadian system and the effects of light on human health. Legislation is a key issue for lighting. it regulate on the amount of light required for the appropriate tasks usually attained in different buildings, by learning legislation it would give the author an understanding into what requirements an office would need for good lighting. All information collated are from secondary and tertiary sources; for this literature review the information is found in books, journals, web pages, and government documents. 2.2: Effects of lighting on building occupants Lighting affects all building occupants on the way they perform tasks. There are different levels of lighting in different environment; the colour of light used in offices would tend to have a blue-white colour to promote concentration and light used in public areas would be a warmer yellow colour so building occupants would feel more relaxed in this type of environment. Too much light can cause health problems such as increased stress levels, headaches and higher blood pressure to the building occupant. (H.E.S.E, 2009) (Boyce, 2003 pp. 160) stated that Most apparently visual tasks have three components; visual, cognitive, and motor. Every task is unique in its balance between these components and hence in the effect lighting conditions have on task performance. (Boyce, 2003 pp. 160) also stated that Lighting conditions can affect task performance throught three systems, the visual system, the circadian system, and the perceptual system. the impact   of lighting conditions on the visual system and hence on visual performance is determined by the size, luminance contrast, and colour difference of the task and the amount, spectrum, distrbution of the lighting. The point that   (Boyce, 2003) makes is that light sent to the visual system affects the performance of the information relayed in the brain.   (Cuttle, 2008 pp. 5-6) stated The optical system of the human eye focuses an inverted image onto the retina, shown in Figure 1. This image is constantly changing with movements of the head and the scanning movements of the eyes. It is often said that the eye is like a camera, but the only similarity is that it forms a focused image in which, for every pixel, there is a corresponding element in the luminous environment. The distribution of luminance and colour that comprises the retinal image is modified by light losses that occur in the optical media of the eye, and these losses are not constant as they increase significantly with age. (Cuttle, 2008) Both books express points about how light is interpreted in the human brain differently but they both correlate how light can affect a building occupant. They both state how light is interpreted in the visual system. A research journal on Light Much More Than Vision written by Mark. S. Rea (Ph.D.) Discuses how lighting can affect the circadian system in building occupants. The journal questions if offices, school and homes are providing good lighting practises. The journal begins with an abstract on the impact of light on the circadian system The amount of light, its spectral composition, spatial distribution, timing and duration needed for vision is so different from that needed for circadian functioning, that generalizations about good lighting will have to be assessed by two very different sets of criteria in the future. (Mark. S. Rea, 2007) The journal continues on how light is interpreted in the human circadian system Light is presently and formally defined as optical radiation entering the eye that provides visual sensation. An international system of photometry has been developed and institutionalized to quantify, measure and communicate the properties of light as it affects the human vision. (Mark. S. Rea, 2007) This statement explains how light is communicated in human vision.   Practical sources of light allow humans to read material, move around spaces, drive cars, create social interaction between other users and allow user to do other activities. Under spatial distribution the journal states Through optical refraction by the cornea and lens in the eye and by neural-optical enhancements by in the retina, the spatial distribution of objects and textures in the environment can be processed by the visual system. Arguably accurate rendering of the spatial distribution of light in our environment by our retina is essential to our survival because   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   patterns of light and dark provide information needed by the visual system (Mark. S. Rea, 2007) The journal concludes with So, Are we providing healthy light in our offices, schools and homes? Probably the answer is No, we are not. Certainly we are not providing or specifiying the ideal lighting technologies and applications for the circadian regluation (Mark. S. Rea, 2007). This would bring on the question as to wether LED lighting would provide the answer to good lighting. LED has been evolving for years, they have been specifically modified to provide comfortable lighting levels for which a user could carry out certain visual functions. 2.3: Legislation The Kyoto agreement is a protocol made by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change. This main aim of the protocol is to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions. There are four greenhouse gases that the protocol focuses on (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, sulphur hexafluoride). The United Kingdom Government is legally tied to the Kyoto agreement and has set out targets to meet emission rates. A document on The Kyoto Protocol by British-Energy states The UKs commitment under the protocol is for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 12.5% from 1990 levels by 2008-2012. This implies an 8% reduction in CO2 emissions over this time period. The UK government also has an aspirational target for itself of a 20% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2010, demonstrating the importance of this issue for the current government.(British Energy, 2009) Offices contribute towards the CO2 emissions given off around the planet. A lot of the energy used in offices is mainly caused by office lighting. The new advancements in LED lighting could reduce the amount of energy used because LED lighting is the most sustainable type of artificial lighting. This could help aid the efforts of the Kyoto Protocol and help meets emission targets. Approved Documents Part L of the building regulations is split up into four documents. Part L1A and L1B focuses on conservation of fuel and power in domestic buildings, part L2A and L2B focuses on conservation of fuel and power in non domestic buildings. As of 6th April 2006 the revised Building Regulations Part L Conservation of Fuel and Power came into effect. The updated regulations would improve energy standards by 40 percent from that of the 2002 Building Regulations (ODPM, 2006). There are four approved documents published by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM, 2006): Approved Document L1A: Conservation of fuel and power (New dwellings) (2006 edition) Approved Document L1B: Conservation of fuel and power (Existing dwellings) (2006 edition) Approved Document L2A: Conservation of fuel and power (New buildings other than dwellings) (2006 edition) Approved Document L2B: Conservation of fuel and power (Existing buildings other than dwellings) (2006 edition) L1 Domestic buildings Conservation of fuel and power in dwellings. Limiting heat loss through fabric of dwelling from hot water pipes used for space heating. Limiting heat loss through hot water vessels and service pipes. Use control systems on space heating and hot water systems so that energy can be used efficiently. Use control systems on lighting systems so that energy can be used efficiently. L2 Buildings other than dwellings Conservation of fuel and power in non domestic buildings. Limiting heat loss through fabric of dwelling from hot water pipes used for space heating. Limiting heat loss through hot water vessels and service pipes. Use control systems on space heating and hot water systems so that energy can be used efficiently. Providing lighting systems with sufficient controls so that energy can be used efficiently. Limiting exposure to solar heat gains. Use control systems on air conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems so that energy can be used efficiently. Commissioning the building engineering services so that they make efficient use of energy and recording their performance. Approved Document L2A: Conservation of fuel and power highlights what is required for lighting efficiency in offices, industrial and storage areas in all building types. The document states For the purposes of this Approved Document, office areas include those spaces that involve predominantly desk-based tasks, including classrooms, seminar rooms and conference rooms, including those in schools. Reasonable provision would be to provide lighting with an average initial efficiency of not less than 45 luminaire-lumens/circuit-Watt as averaged over the whole area of these types of space in the building. (ODPM, 2006 pp. 19) LED lighting has the potential to excel past the average guide for initial efficiency of 45 lumens per watt. A breakthrough from the lighting company CREE states LED efficacy test results that set a new benchmark for the LED industry. Cree reported results of 131 lumens per watt white LED efficacy, confirmed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Tests were performed using prototype white LEDs with Cree EZBrightâ„ ¢ LED chips. (CREE Inc, 2009) The CIBSE Lighting Guide 7: Office Lighting gives a guidance of how to layout lighting systems within an office to give the maximum efficiency of lighting and how much light is required for different types of office spaces. The guide states There are many ways to light an office space: with direct light down from above, from indirect light bounced from the ceiling, or from a combination of both. Many factors will dictate or influence the choice of which technique to use.   (Ruffles, 2005 pp. 7) There are many different building types and each office would need a lighting system that is individually specified. There are different types of lighting systems that give off different light intensities. The lighting guide states that a typical office space would need 500 lux (illuminance) for building users to take on paper-based or mixed tasks comfortably and 300 lux for any screen-based work. (Ruffles, 2005) Figure 2 shows the required amounts of light need for building user to work within different types of offices spaces, taken from the office lighting guide. The figures suggest that each typical office space would need 300 lux for screen based tasks, normal meetings and reception administrative tasks and 500 lux for more intense tasks such as paper-based, reading documents and writing. In a more deep-plan area the office space is required to have 500-750 lux throughout to perform multiple tasks comfortably. This is due to the fact that deep-plan areas are more towards the middle of office spaces or more than six meters away from windows; they would require a more constant flow of artificial light. This is where LED lighting may be at best because of the amount of electricity LED lighting systems take are very minimal and could deliver the required amount of light depending and the type of fixture. In normal deep-plan areas artificial lighting systems are on for longer periods because natural lighting coming in from windows would not penetrate throughout the office spaces. The corporation Philips suggests that a higher powered LED light would deliver up to 220 lumens. This type of LED would typically consume four watts. A typical deep-plan office space would require three high powered LED lights to deliver a comfortable amount of light for a user to perform various tasks, which would still consume less electricity compared to other office lighting systems. 2.4: Types of lighting There are many types of lamps that are currently used in different environments. These lamps include the incandescent lamp, compact fluorescent lamp, fluorescent lamp, halogen lamp, metal halide lamp and light emitting diodes. Incandescent lamps An incandescent lamp is a glass (See figure 3) bulb containing a thin filament. A current is passed through the filament, which heats up the filament until light is produced. (Philips, 2000 pp.49-50) stated The earliest filament lamps as developed by Swan in the United Kingdom and Edison in the United States had a short life of only 150 hours and a low efficiency of 2.5 lumens per watt, but they were thought of as a magic light source to replace gaslight. Filament lamps were clean, had greater flexibility, better colour and, with the development of available sources of power, better long-term economics. Now, a century later, the light bulb is still the preferred lamp for domestic use due to its cheap cost. Phillips (2000) continues to state that The life of a filament lamp depends upon its light output, with a greater output giving a shorter life. A life of 1000 hours with a light output of 12/14 lumens per watt was established as being a reasonable compromise and one which has stood the test of time. (Bean, 2007 pp. 139) explains that a compact fluorescent lamp is the introduction of smaller diameter tubes using high efficiency triphosphors bought with it the posibility of folding the tubes to produce compact single ended lamps. A 12W compact fluorescent lamp gives the same output as a 60W tungsten GLS lamp. Fluorescent Lamps (Fielder, 2005 pp. 28) states that Fluorescent lamps are built using a tubular glass envelope coated on the inside with a mix of phosphors. Inert Gas and a small amount of mercury is introduced into the tube to provide the atoms for photoluminescence. the tube is slightly pressurized, and the ends of the tube are capped with electrodes, which contain a cathode to generate and arc. Fluorescent lamps are 8 times more efficient than incandescent lamps and have a long life span, but fluorescent lamps contain mercury shown in figure 5. Mercury in lamps is harmful for the environment if not disposed of appropriately. Halogen Lamps The Interior Lighting for Designers book articulates that The tungsten-halogen   (or halogen)   lamp is an incandescent lamp with a selected gas of the halogen family sealed into it. As the lamp burns, the halogen gas combines with tungsten molecules that sputter off the filament and deposits the tungsten back on the filament   (Gordon, 2003 pp. 73). Figure 6 below shows an example of what a typical halogen lamp looks like. Metal Halide Lamps Metal halide lamps produce white light of a good colour quality and are available in many sizes, from compact lamps that can be used in track lighting and table lamps to huge lamps for lighting stadiums. Standard metal halide lamps tend to have a colour temperature of 3700 to 4100K and appear cool and slightly greenish. Their CRI is 65 to 70. Standard metal halide lamps typically are used where colour is not critical, such as sports arenas, parking lots, landscape lighting, and building floodlighting. (Benya, 2004 pp. 9-10) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) An LED is a semiconductor device that emits light when a voltage is surged through the semiconductor.   LED solid-state lighting is becoming more in use because of the energy saving benefits and long term costs. The main types of light bulbs used in offices are fluorescent lamps, incandescent tungsten filament (halogen lamps) and metal halide lamps. Fluorescent lamps are the main types of light sources used in offing lighting; the table states that the fluorescent tubes has a lamp efficiency of 32-86 Lm/W (Lumens per watt) this has a higher efficiency compared to incandescent tungsten filament lamp which have an efficiency of 7-14 Lm/W. Also fluorescent lamps can last more than ten times longer than incandescent tungsten filament lamps, but the tungsten filament lamps has a colour rendering index of 99 which means that the light intensity is much higher and would provide light that is closer to natural daylight compared to fluorescent lamps. Tungsten lamps are mainly used for executive offices to give an office a more professional looking environment. Metal halide lamps are used for desk lamp for more detailed important task where more light may be required for analytical reading and writing /complex drawing tasks. 2.5: LED technology LED technology is a fast growing lamp replacement solution in the lighting industry. LEDs contain semiconductors which are atoms of arsenic, phosphorus, germanium or other elements found in the periodic table. When electricity passes through the semiconductor visible light is emitted. Placing a number of LEDS side by side increases the increases the strength of the brightness. LED lights are also dimmable so the user could control the light intensity in a given area. The advantages of using LEDS are that they have a 50,000 to 100,000 hour life span, they consume very little electricity, they instantly light up, LED lights do not emit UV rays, they are durable to   vibrations they do not contain any mercury and LED emits light from any part of the light spectrum. The disadvantages of using LED lighting are that light is distributed directly instead of evenly compared to incandescent and fluorescent bulbs; it is very expensive to buy LED lights, they could cause light pollution in an environment because LEDs produce a lot of white light and LEDs are sensitive to heat. LED lighting is still currently being researched today to find out better methods to utilise the light from LEDs. An article from The Independent newspaper states The Indian government hopes to remedy this situation, which affects 112,000 rural villages across the country, over the next decade. The solution is a combination of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar power. The former are more efficient than light bulbs the power required to light one conventional 100W bulb can now light an entire village and the latter allows electricity to be stored in batteries and provides lighting where there is no grid supply. Both LEDs and solar panels can also take the rough and tumble of village life: having few moving parts, they are very durable. (Independent, 2006) It is evident to see from this statement that the progress of utilising light from LEDs is positive; however this is not something that can be generalised to a greater population at this current time due to economics. A journal published from the Philips Research Centre shows an experiment on LED light sources and modelling for practical control systems for LEDs. (Subramanian Muthu, 2002) states The recent improvements in high-power light emitting diodes (LED) technology with 100+ lumens per LED chip and efficacy exceeding that of incandescent lamps brings the solid-state lighting close to a reality. An LED light source made of Red, Green and Blue (RGB) LEDs can provide a compact light source with unique features such as instant colour variability. In this paper, we highlight the issues that introduce the variability in the colour point and present feedback control schemes to overcome these problems. (Subramanian Muthu, 2002) The journal concluded with: RGB-LEDs have enormous potential in lighting applications. The major issue to be resolved is control and maintenance of the white point. This issue arises from the variation in LED wavelength and lumen output with temperature, drive current and time. Further complications arise due to the wide spread in the performance parameters of nominally identical LEDs. In this paper we have presented solutions to these issues using electronic feedback control of the light output of the LEDs. (Subramanian Muthu, 2002) A journal on Fundamental Analysis for Visible-Light Communication System Using LED Lights states LED is more advantageous than the existing incandescent in terms of life expectancy, high tolerance to humidity, low power consumption, and minimal heat generation lighting Our group has proposed and optical wireless communication system that employs white LEDs for indoors wireless networks (8)-(11). (Nakagawa, 2004) The journal concludes In visible-light communication system, the LED lights are distributed within a room and the irradiance of light is wide for function of lighting equipment. Therefore, the intersymbol interference depended on the data rate and the FOW of receiver.   (Nakagawa, 2004) A technical report on Energy Savings Estimates of Light Emitting Diodes in Niche Lighting Applications from the U.S. Department of energy focuses on the energy performance of LED lighting systems within different sectors such as, residential lighting, traffic lighting, retail lighting and office under shelf lighting. the document states that A type of task lighting, LED office undershelf lighting systems have been introduced on the market as replacements for T12 and T8 fluorescent products used in the commercial offices. LED office undershelf lights have the potential to save 1.37 TWh/yr if the entire market shifted to 2007 LED technology, equal to 14.8 TBtu/yr of primary energy consumption. This amounts to about 20% of the annual consumption of one large (1000 MW) electric power plant or the annual electricity consumption of one hundred thousand U.S. households.(U.S. Department of Energy, 2008 pp. 50) The report also states that fluorescent lamps, T8s, and T12s are the types of lamps that are commonly used in an office environment. These fluorescent lighting systems have a fixture efficiency of less than 40%.   This follows on to the average number of hours artificial lights operate for. Office undershelf lighting systems operate for an average of 2000 hours per year, amounting to about 5.5 hours per day or 8 hours per work day. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2008 pp. 51) This would bring on maintenance costs for the building owner due to bulb replacements. The life span of LED lighting systems is far greater than fluorescent lamps, which in turn would reduce regular maintenance. The annual energy comsuption for 53 million office undershelf lighting systems consume 3.43 TWh/yr of electricity in the U.S. At the moment LED lighting systems are still new to the market and have not penetrated the market enough to calculate the actual energy savings; however LED lighting systems have the potential to save 1.37 TWh/yr of electricity if LED lights completely replaced fluorescent lighting systems. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2008 pp. 52) (DiLouie, 2006) Points that LEDs are solid state devices that produce light by passing a current through semiconductor chips which are housed in a reflector, which is